Basic Science - Connective Tissue Proper

Front 1

Most connective tissue arises from the embryonic ____

Back 1

mesoderm

Front 2

The multipotential cells that arise from embryonic meosderm that migrate throughout the body to give rise to a wide variety of connective tissue cells are _____

Back 2

Mesenchymal cells

Front 3

Major functions of CT:

Back 3

1) Structural support - in the form of bone, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Also forms structural internal framework of organs as well as capsules

2) Medium of exchange - for metabolic waste, nutrients and oxygen

3) Protection - in the form of physical barrier to invading organisms and source of phagocytic cells and antibody-producing cells

4) Storage of fat

Front 4

All connective tissue is composed of (3):

Back 4

cells
fibers
amorphous ground substance (gel-like ground substance)

Front 5

In contrast to epithelium, CT generally have low proportion of ______ relative to the volume of _____

Back 5

cells
extracellular fibers and ground substance

Front 6

CT is categorized as (5)

Back 6

embryonic CT
CT proper
cartilage
bone
blood

Front 7

Most CT is is categorized as _____

Back 7

CT proper

Front 8

CT proper is categorized based on different _____ of the same ______

Back 8

proportions
extracellular and cellular components

Front 9

Ground substance has a jelly-like consistency due to ______

Back 9

highly hydrated macromolecules (hyaluronic acid viscosity in combination with heavily hydrated GAGs)

Front 10

_____ is normally not preserved during tissue preparation and rarely observed on slides

Back 10

CT ground substance

Front 11

Ground substance is composed mainly of (4):

Back 11

1) Glycosaminoglycans
2) Proteoglycan
3) Hyaluronic acid
4) Glycoproteins

Front 12

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are unbranched _____ of repeating _____ subunits. They are extremely ____. Allows for rapid ____ of water-soluble molecules

Back 12

polysaccharide chains
disaccharide
hydrophilic
diffusion

Front 13

Hyaluronic acid is a unique type of ____ that is a huge chain of several thousand ____. It has many proteoglycans attached, therefore forming _______

Back 13

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)
disaccarides
proteoglycan aggregates

Front 14

_____ is highly viscous in aqueous solution and can be found in synovial fluid of joins, vitreous humor of the eye, and cartilage in large quantities

Back 14

Hyaluronic acid

Front 15

Proteoglycans is a large molecule composed of a core protein bound to ____

Back 15

GAG (except for hyaluronic acid)

Front 16

Proteoglycan molecule is structured like a _____, in which the core represents the protein and each bristle represents a _____ molecule

Back 16

test tube brush
GAG molecule

Front 17

The gel of ground substance is (porous/not porous), but is significant barrier to _____

Back 17

porous
bacterial spreads in tissues

Front 18

The most invasive bacterial strains produce the enzyme _____ that breaks down hyaluronic acid

Back 18

hyaluronidase

Front 19

Glycoproteins are proteins with one or more ______ residue chains bound to _____. Variable in structure and function

Back 19

sugar
amino acid side chains

Front 20

Two major components of ground substance of glycoproteins are:

Back 20

1) fibronetic
2) laminin

Front 21

Fibronectin is a glycoprotein produced by _____ and _____. It is a protein ____ that is a component of ______ and has binding sites for cells and various molecules. Fibronectin is important in (3):

Back 21

finbroblasts
some epithelial cells
dimer
basal laminae
cell migration, cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate adhesion

Front 22

Laminin is a protein ____ where three subunits form a large cross-shaped molecule. Laminin is found in _____ and participates in _____

Back 22

trimer
basal lamina
cell recognition and adhesion

Front 23

Laminin is a protein ____ where three subunits form a large cross-shaped molecule. Laminin is found in _____ and participates in _____

Back 23

trimer
basal lamina
cell recognition and adhesion

Front 24

CT fibers and ground substance are both _____

Back 24

extracellular components of connective tissue

Front 25

CT fibers are long ____ in variable proportions in the different types of CT

Back 25

protein polymers

Front 26

There are three main types of CT fibers, name them. Which is the most common

Back 26

Collagen, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers

Most common - collagen

Front 27

____ is the most abundant tissue compartment in the body, accounting for ____ of the dry weight

Back 27

collagen
30%

Front 28

Collagen represents a family of ____ with over ____ different collagens currently recognized

Back 28

proteins
a dozen

Front 29

Give characteristics of collagen type I and what it forms

Back 29

-most abundant; widely distributed throughout body

-forms the relatively large, classic fibers important in formation of organ capsules, the dermis, tendon, bone, and dentin

Front 30

Give characteristics of collagen type II and where it is found

Back 30

-thin fibrils

-present primarily in hyaline and elastic cartilage

Front 31

Give characteristics of collagen type III and where it is found

Back 31

-Very small fibrils associated with collagen type I

-a constituent of reticular CT

Front 32

Give characteristics of collagen type IV and where it is found

Back 32

-does not form fibers

-found in basal lamina

Front 33

Collagen is synthesized using various cells, including: (5)

Back 33

fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and epithelial cells

Front 34

Give the steps of collagen synthesis

Back 34

-polypeptide alpha chains formed in RER
-Lysine and proline of alpha chain are hydroxylated in RER
-procollagen triple helix is formed from three alpha chains
-procollagen transported out of cell
-procollagen peptidase enzymes in extracellular space remove registration peptides, resulting in tropocollagen molecules capable of assembling into collagen fibrils

Front 35

Alpha chains (precursors to collagen fibrils) are rich in:

Back 35

glycine and proline (also have lysine)

Front 36

Procollagen is made up of ____ and has extra peptides on both ends of the molecule which are called _____

Back 36

-three alpha chains
-registration peptides

Front 37

Registration peptides of procollagen do these two things:

Back 37

-make molecule soluble, preventing its assembly into fibrils while still in cell
-help ensure that the procollagen subunits are properly registered when collagen fibril is formed

Front 38

_____ enzymes in the extracellular space remove registration peptides of procollagen. Results in tropocollagen molecules, which are capable of assembling into _____

Back 38

Procollagen peptidase
collagen fibrils

Front 39

Fibrils of collagen types I and III can spontaneously form _____

Back 39

Fibers

Front 40

Type I collagen fiber structure and ultrastructure:
-______ topocollagen subunits overlap one another by ~3/4 of their length
-_____, each tropocollagen subunit is separated from the next in the chain by _____
-orientation results in the _____ having a characteristic 67nm banding pattern when viewen in an electron microscope

Back 40

Adjacent parallel
Longitudinally
a short gap
mature collagen type I fiber

Front 41

The number of fibrils in a final collagen molecule, along with the width and length (varies/is constant)

Back 41

varies

Front 42

Collagen is (flexible/rigid) and (elastic/inelastic), and have tensile strength greater than steel

Back 42

flexible
inelastic

Front 43

Reticular fibers are synthesized by _____ and are extremely (thin/thick) that form supportive network in some organs

Back 43

fibroblasts
thin

Front 44

Reticular fibers are particularly prevalent in:

Back 44

-Hematopoietic organs (organs that produce blood) including spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow
-liver, endocrine glands, endoneutrium and smooth muscle

Front 45

Collagen type III is the major constituent of _____. (Loosely/tightly) packed, (thin/thick) collagen type III fibrils are held together by ______

Back 45

reticular fibers
loosely - thin
proteoglycans and glycoproteins

Front 46

Reticular fibers do not stain with _____ but they are ____. Reticular fibers are distinct ____ fibers in silver-impregnation preparations. Silver binding property is probably a result of _____

Back 46

conventional H&E
argyrophilic (they bind silver salts)
black
unique population of GAGs

Front 47

Elastic fibers can be stretched ____% of their length and can return to resting length

Back 47

150%

Front 48

Elastic fibers can be found in:

Back 48

Lung, aorta, skin, earlobe, and ligaments between vertebrae (areas that stretch)

Front 49

Elastic fibers stain poorly with conventional methods, but can be stained with _____ a common, purple-black elastic fiber-specific stain

Back 49

Orcein

Front 50

Fibers are variable in thickness are composed of:

Back 50

elastin - protein that forms the core of each fiber

fibrillin - a glycoprotein that forms a thin mantle of microfibrils around the elastin protein core

Front 51

______ results in a mutation of fibrillin gene. Causes spectrum of abnormalities, including weakening of _____ that predisposes patient to aortic rupture

Back 51

Marfan's syndrome

vascular walls

Front 52

Elastin is synthesized by ______ and is composed of ______

Back 52

fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
nonpolar amino acids

Front 53

Desmosine and isodesmosine are two amino acids in elastin that are thought o be responsible for ______ of the molecule. They cause elastin molecule to cross-link into a network of random coils

Back 53

rubberband-like characteristics

Front 54

Elastin molecules are joined by _____ to form _____

Back 54

covalent bonds
elastic fiber

Front 55

When no force is applied to elastin molecules, they ______, but upon stretching, they _______

Back 55

bunch into random coils
unwind

Front 56

Cells of CT proper are categorized as _____ or ____. Whats the difference and give examples of both

Back 56

fixed cells - develop and remain in place in the CT. These include fibroblasts, adipose cells, and mast cells

Transient cells - originate from blood and migrate to CT. Include plasma cells and leukocytes

Front 57

_____ exhibit both characteristics of fixed and transient CT proper

Back 57

Macrophages

Front 58

Mesenchyme cells are found only in ______

Back 58

mesenchymal CT of the embryo

Front 59

_____ are the most common cells in CT proper

Back 59

Fibroblasts

Front 60

Active fibroblasts are _____ shaped cells with a _____ nucleus and well developed _____. In its quiescent (not active) form, sometimes called ____, it has a ______ nucleus, less ____ and less _____

Back 60

-elongated spindle or stellate-shaped
-pale, ovoid nucleus
-RER and GA
-fibrocyte
-smaller, darker nucleus
-RER
-cytoplasmic extensions

Front 61

Fibroblasts synthesize:
They also produce much of the:

Back 61

Synthesize: collagen, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

Produce: CT ground substance as well as growth factors

Front 62

Fibroblasts (frequently/rarely) undergo cell division in CT, but in ____ they proliferate and become more active

Back 62

wound healing

Front 63

Myofibroblasts are modified fibroblasts that have characteristics of both. They are (distinguishable/not distinguishable) between fibroblasts in light microscopy. These are prevalent in ______ and participate in ____

Back 63

-smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts
-not distinguishable
-wound healing and participate in wound closure

Front 64

Adipose cells synthesize and store _____. They do not undergo _____

Back 64

triglycerides
cell division

Front 65

Two types of adipose cells can be distinguished:

Back 65

Uniocular cells (white adipose cells) - most abundant form of adipose; primary source of energy storage in body

Multiocular adipose cells (brown adipose cells) - Found more in animals that hibernate; used in heat production

Front 66

Unilocular adipose cells (White fat) store fat as _____ droplet. This droplet enlarges to the point the cytoplasm and nucleus are _____. They can be found throughout the body, often concentrated _____. They accumulate into ____ in some parts of the body

Back 66

-single, large droplet
-displaced against the plasmalemma (cell membrane)
-around blood vessels
-adipose tissue

Front 67

Multilocular adipose cells (brown fat) are greatly reduced in _____. They are (smaller/larger) than white fat and the lipid is stored in ______ droplets. Thus the nucleus (does/does not) get pushed to the side of the cell

Back 67

-adults
-smaller
-several small droplets
-does not

Front 68

The abundant _____ and ____ of brown fat causes its color

Back 68

mitocondria and vascularization

Front 69

Mast cells are involved in ___

Back 69

the inflammatory response

Front 70

Mast cells have a ______ nucleus and a notable cytoplasm with _____ which contain chemicals used in the inflammatory response

Back 70

-small, round central
-granules

Front 71

Mast cells are ____ in H&E stained preparations and are _____ with certain other stains, due to ______

Back 71

-basophilic
-metachromatic - chemically react with stain, to cause shift in color
-GAGs associated with granules

Front 72

______ are the pharmacological agents present in mast cell granules. Name the major ones (4)

Back 72

-Primary mediators

1) Heparin - an anticoagulant
2) Histamine - increases vascular permeability and vasodilation
3) Enzymes - several neutral proteases and other enzymes
4) Chemotactic factors - eosinophil chemotactic factor and neutrophil factor attract respective cell types to site of degradation

Front 73

______, a type of enzyme, is synthesized by mast cells, but not basophils, therefore serves as a marker for mast cell

Back 73

Tryptase

Front 74

_____ are not in mast cell granules, but are instead synthesized for immediate release. Name the major kind

Back 74

Secondary mediators

-Leukotrienes - cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and bronchial smooth muscle contraction

Front 75

What causes release of secondary mediators of mast cells?

Back 75

presence of certain antigens, nonspecific trauma, or heat

Front 76

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction of mast cells is...

Back 76

the allergic reactions initiated by release of chemical contents of the granules, which occur minutes after introduction to antigen to an individual previously sensitized to that antigen

Front 77

Unlike fixed cells of CT, mast cells arise from precursor cells from the ____ that enter the ____, migrate into the CT, then differentiate into mast cells

Back 77

-bone marrow
-blood stream

Front 78

(true/false) basophils and mast cells are derived from the same cell type

Back 78

False - they look alike, but have different developmental lineage

Front 79

Macrophages are cells involved in:

Back 79

1) digestion of debris, dead cells, invading microorganisms, followed by breakdown of ingested matter with lysosomal enzymes

2) processing and presenting antigens to lymphocytes (are then stimulated to differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies)

Front 80

Macrophages are _____ shaped cells. Their surface has blunt projections plus ______. The basophilic cytoplasm has _________. Nucleus is ____ shaped

Back 80

-irregularly
-finger-like projections (pseudopodia)
-small dense granules and small vacuoles
-kidney

Front 81

_____ is a stem cell line that gives rise to macrophages, amongst other things (ex. Kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, and blood monocytes)

Back 81

Mononuclear phagocytic system

Front 82

Monocytes develop in the _____, circulate in the _____, and migrate into _____, where they mature into _____

Back 82

-bone marrow
-blood
-CT
-macrophages

Front 83

Macrophages are divided into:

Back 83

-resident macrophages (fixed) - not active; reside in CT

-Elicited macrophages (free) - mobilized to side in response to stimulus

Front 84

Resident macrophages are ______ cells. Cytoplasm tents to be more heterogenous than fibroblasts due to ______

Back 84

-fusiform or stellate
-granules and vacuoles

Front 85

Elicited macrophages have increased _____ and their shape is _____ with ______

Back 85

-phagocytic and antigen processing activity
-variable
-folds, pseudopodia, and microvilli

Front 86

Plasma cells are ______ cells scattered throughout the CT. They are most concentrated in _____

Back 86

-transient
-tissues inflamed by foreign substance or microorganism invasion

Front 87

Plasma cells nucleus posses _____ in a characteristic _____ pattern. Staining pattern is due to ______ (spotted basophilia over acidophilic background)

Back 87

-heterochromatin
-cartwheel or clockface
-well-developed RER

Front 88

Plasma cells are derived from _____ that have interacted with _____

Back 88

-lymphocytes (B lymphocytes)
-antigen

Front 89

Plasma cells function is to _____

Back 89

release antibodies into the bloodstream

Front 90

Antibodies, or ______, are produced in response to a ______

Back 90

-immunoglobulins
-specific antigen

Front 91

Leukocytes continually migrate from the ____ into the ____. Numbers greatly increase during _____

Back 91

-blood into the CT
-inflammation and allergic reactions

Front 92

Mesenchyme CT is only found in the _____ and consists of ______ cells suspended in a gel-like ground substance with some _____

Back 92

-embryo
-mesenchymal
-reticular fibers

Front 93

Mesenchymal cells have ______ nucleus with prominent ______ and a _____ cytoplasm.

Back 93

-oval
-nucleoli
-pale

Front 94

Mesenchymal cells give rise to most _______. They do not exist in ______

Back 94

-fixed cells of loose CT
-adults

Front 95

Mucous CT has a jelly-like ground substance rich in ______. _____ are also present. They are found mainly in _____

Back 95

-hyaluronic acid
-small population of type I and III collagen fibers and fibroblasts are also present
-the umbilical cord

Front 96

With exception of adipose tissues, categories of adult CT proper tissue are defined by two factors:

Back 96

1) the proportion of extracellular CT fibers to ground substance (loose CT vs dense CT)

2) orientation of CT fibers (regular vs irregular)

Front 97

Name the three loose CT:
Two are special forms of CT (sometimes included as categories of CT proper)

Back 97

1) loose areolar CT
2) reticular tissue - sometimes categorized as CT proper
3) adipose tissue - sometimes categorized as CT proper

Front 98

_____ is the most abundant form of CT proper, comprising portions of the dermis, hypodermis, adventitia of blood vessels, etc.

Back 98

Loose areolar

Front 99

Loose areolar can be found in a variety of places including:

Back 99

-spaces between muscle fibers, internal body cavity, and in glands

Front 100

Loose areolar CT has a high proportion of ______ where all the ______

Back 100

-ground substance
-fixed CT cells plus macrophages can be found

Front 101

Describe how loose areolar CT looks:
Also, what are the most prevalent types of cells

Back 101

-scattered, randomly-oriented loose meshwork of collagen and elastic fibers with small population of reticular fibers

-fibroblasts and macrophages are most prevalent

Front 102

Loose CT is (well vascularized/not vascularized). Tissue tends to be ____

Back 102

-well vascularized
-delicate

Front 103

High number of ______ can be found in loose CT when responding to an inflammatory stimulus. This is especially true in the _____, because these areas are exposed to most foreign invaders

Back 103

-transient CT
-respiratory and digestive tracts

Front 104

The main component of reticular tissue is ______, which is arrange in a ______. The primary cellular constituents are_____

Back 104

-type III collagen fibers
-loose, random meshwork

Front 105

Reticular fibers appear as _____ due to _____, under a microscope

Back 105

-black "webbing"
-reaction with silver salts (do not dye with conventional stains)

Front 106

Reticular tissue forms a framework for these tissues and organs:

Back 106

certain areas of the liver, bone marrow, smooth muscle, and lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes and nodules, spleen)

Front 107

Spaces between loose reticular network are packed with ____ in bone marrow and _____ in lymphoid tissue

Back 107

-developing blood cells
-lymphocytes

Front 108

Adipose tissues generally refers to ______ since brown adipose is rare in adults

Back 108

white adipose tissue

Front 109

Adipose tissue is the one CT proper that has a higher proportion of _____ than ________

Back 109

cells than extracellular CT fibers or ground substance

Front 110

Dense connective tissue has (same/different) components as loose CT. It has (many more/far less) fibers, (more/less) ground substance) and generally (more/less) cells.

Back 110

-same
-many more
-less
-less

Front 111

What are the three categories of dense CT:

Back 111

1) dense irregular CT
2) dense regular collagenous CT
3) dense regular elastic CT

Front 112

Dense irregular CT has large _____ arranged randomly, resulting in a _____. These large _____ are packed so tightly, that there is little room for cells or other components of ground substance

Back 112

-collagen fiber bundles
-tough, three-dimensional meshwork
-collagen fiber bundles

Front 113

What are the most common cell type in dense irregular CT and where in the CT are they located?

Back 113

-fibroblasts - lodged between collagen bundles

Front 114

The major location for dense irregular CT is:

Back 114

-the dermis of the skin, the perineurium and epineurium of large nerves; the dura mater of the brain, organ capsules surrounding the spleen, testis, ovaries, kidneys, liver and lymph nodes

Front 115

Dense regular CT differs from dense regular CT in that the large _____ are arranged in ______. Their _____ are lodged between and are parallel to rows of fibers

Back 115

-collagen fiber bundles
-well-ordered parallel cylinders or sheets
-fibroblasts

Front 116

The orientation of dense regular CT is determined by ______. The two most common examples of these are:

Back 116

-applied force (fibers are parallel to applied force
-tendons (attach to muscle) and ligaments (attach to bone)

Front 117

Dense regular elastic CT has a high proportion of relatively _______ arranged in _____. These tissues are found in _______

Back 117

-thick, branching elastic fibers
-parallel arrays
-between vertebrae (ligamentum flavum)

Front 118

Elastic fibers are advantageous in tissue which:

Back 118

-must expand and contract (walls of blood vessels)
-needs flexibility (vertebral column)