Basic Science - Complex Carbs

Front 1

What are the four main groups of carbohydrates from smallest to largest?

Back 1

monosaccharides --> Disaccharides --> Oligosaccharides --> polysaccharides

Front 2

Lactose is the main _____

Back 2

disaccharide

Front 3

_____ are short, non-repetitive complex carbohydrates which usually attach to lipids or proteins, making glycoproteins and glycolipids

Back 3

oligosaccharides

Front 4

_____ are large repetitive carbohydrates, such as glycogen and GAGs

Back 4

polysaccharides

Front 5

In order to link monosaccharides together or attach them to proteins
or lipids, the monosaccharides have to be in a ______ form

Back 5

nucleoside-activated form

Front 6

What are the four main groups of carbohydrates from smallest to largest?

Back 6

monosaccharides --> Disaccharides --> Oligosaccharides --> polysaccharides

Front 7

Lactose is the main _____

Back 7

disaccharide

Front 8

_____ are short, non-repetitive complex carbohydrates which usually attach to lipids or proteins, making glycoproteins and glycolipids

Back 8

oligosaccharides

Front 9

_____ are large repetitive carbohydrates, such as glycogen and GAGs

Back 9

polysaccharides

Front 10

In order to link monosaccharides together or attach them to proteins
or lipids, the monosaccharides have to be in a ______ form

Back 10

nucleoside-activated form

Front 11

The nucleotide GDP activates what sugars?
CMP?

Back 11

GDP:
-mannose
-L-fucose

CMP:
-CMP-N-acetylneuraminic (sialic) acid

*The rest is UDP

Front 12

The nucleotide attaches to the ______ of the monosaccharide

Back 12

reducing end (hydroxyl group of the first carbon)

Front 13

______ are enzymes that catalyze the addition of monosaccharides to proteins, lipids or growing oligo/polysaccharide chains

Back 13

Glycosyltransferases

Front 14

Monosaccharides are linked by _____ bonds and the energy to form these bonds come from _____

Back 14

-glycosidic bonds
-hydrolysis of UDP-linkage

Front 15

Where do monosaccharides go and get attached?

Back 15

-Most get glycosylated to HYDROXYL group of many things

Exceptions are:
-amide group of asparagine
-carboxyl group of bilirubin

Front 16

There are two main functions of glycosylation:
-increase solubility
-is an integral part of biomolecule's function
*give the examples of each

Back 16

Increase solubility:
-distribute and maintain proteins in aqueous environment
-helps clear out foreign substances (toxins, drugs) and degradation of endogenous biomolecules (steroids)

Biomolecule's function
-glycolipids and glycoproteins contribute to cell recognition
-glycosylation in GAGs contribute to mechanical properties in extracellular matrix

Front 17

What is necessary to build essential biomolecules?

Back 17

UDP-glucose

Front 18

Oxidation of UDP-glucose makes _____ which is then utilized to make ____

Back 18

-UDP-glucuronate
-glycosaminoglycans

Front 19

UDP-glucuronate is utilized to make ____ or is used for the production of _____ to excrete toxins, drugs, bilirubin, or steroid hormones

Back 19

-glycosaminoglycans
-glucuronides

Front 20

Biliruben is the degradation product of _____. Unconjugated bilirubin (is/is not) water soluble. _____ is added to bilirubin in the liver in increase solubility, which is then excreted into the _____

Back 20

-heme group of hemoglobin
-not
-two glucuronate residues
-bile

Front 21

Jaundice is the inability to ____, which often occurs in newborns because they have low ______

Back 21

-conjugate and excrete biliruin
-bilirubin glucuronyltransferase (adds glucuronate)

Front 22

Glucuronyltransferases adds _____ to hormones and drugs in liver to be excreted out of human body, mostly as urine, but some as bile. Some examples of this would include:

Back 22

-glucuronate

-estrogen
-progesterone
-triiodothyronine
-morphine

Front 23

Glycosaminoglycans are repeating disaccharide units of ______

Back 23

an acidic sugar and an N-acetylated amino sugar

Front 24

All glycosaminoglycans, but heparin and heparin-sulfate have _____

Back 24

beta-glycosidic bonds

Front 25

All glycosaminoglycans are generally the same size, except _____, which can be larger

Back 25

hyaluronic acid

Front 26

All glycosaminoglycans are (positively/negatively) charged

Back 26

-negatively charged

Front 27

All but _____ are sulfated, synthesized in the protein core, and synthesized in the golgi. This is synthesized in the ____

Back 27

-hyaluronic acid
-plasma membrane

Front 28

Glycosaminoglycans negative charge attract ______, which makes them behave like "sponges". This makes them ______ under compressive force

Back 28

-lots of water
-confer resilience to tissues

Front 29

______ is essential for embryogenesis, morphogenesis and wound healing. It is also essential for vertebrate life

Back 29

Hyaluronic acid

Front 30

Hyaluronic acid is used for _____

Back 30

-eye surgery (Healon)
-osteoarthritic pain (intraarticular synvisc injection)

Front 31

Chondrotin sulfates can be sulfated in what positions of N-acetyl-galactosamine

Back 31

4th and 6th position of N-acetyl-galactosamine

Front 32

Chondrotin sulfates is mainly found in _____

Back 32

cartilage

Front 33

What is the main glycosaminoglycan that aggregates with proteoglycans and is also the most abundant glycosaminoglycan in the body?

Back 33

chondrotin sulfates

Front 34

Accumulation of what glycosaminoglycan can lead to mitral valve prolapse (thickening and abnormal displacement of left atrium)

Back 34

dermatin sulfate

Front 35

This glycosaminoglycan is mainly found in skin, blood vessels and heart valves

Back 35

dermatin sulfate

Front 36

Keratan sulfates are the only GAGs that do not contain _____

Back 36

acidic sugar

Front 37

What are the two types of keratin sulfates?
What are they linked to?
Where are they mainly found?

Back 37

KSI: linked to the amide of Asn (mainly found in cornea)
KS II: linked to the hydroxyl of Ser (mainly found in cartilage)

Front 38

Undersulfated keratin sulfate in cornea leads to _____ deficiency and _____ as a defect

Back 38

-Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 6 (CHST6) deficiency
-macular corneal dystrophy