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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The proportion of individuals in a given population which develop a disease during a specific time period
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Attack Rate
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Preventing the growth of bacteria.
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Bacteriostatic
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Causing the death of live bacteria
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Bacteriocidal
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= Someone who can carry and transmit a disease to another person, but who is not experiencing any symptom
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Carrier
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A group of individuals with a specific disease which are very similar in their time and place of occurrence or both.
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Cluster
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The specific cause of a disease in a population.
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Etimology
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The average or normal number of cases of a disease in a certain population
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Endemic
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The level of disease in a certain population that exceeds the endemic level.
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Epidemic
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To contact or possess a characteristic which is believed to influence the risk of acquiring a specific disease.
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Exposure
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An inanimate object that may carry a pathogen (towel, underwear),
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Fomite
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Resistance to disease.
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Immunity
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The body produces its own antibodies naturally. Long lasting.
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. Natural Active Immunity
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The body does not produce its own antibodies. Short lasting
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. Passive Immunity
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The passage of antibodies from the mother to the baby for about the first 6 months of the baby's life. Rich source of antibodies.
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. Natural Passive Immunity
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The introduction of an antigen that causes the formation of antibodies. These are called inoculations (polio
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Artificial Active Immunity
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Antibodies from another person or animal that are injected into a human (tetanus).
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Artificial Passive Immunity
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Total number of new cases of a disease measured within a calendar year
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Incidence Rate
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= The time between contact and demonstration of clinical evidence that a disease is present.
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Incubation period
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is the number of people that are ill.
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Morbidity
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is the number of people dead.
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Mortality
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The probability that an event will or will not occur.
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Odds
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The specific characteristics of a disease
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Pathognomonics
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The worldwide distribution of a disease
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Pandemic
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Total number of cases of disease both old and new.
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Prevalence Rate
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The probability that an event will occur during a specific time frame.
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Risk
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An ongoing observation of a population used to detect any rapid changes of
occurrence of specific disease |
Surveillance
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The probability of remaining alive for a specific amount of time after having been
diagnosed with a particular disease. |
Survival
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No specific resistance to a disease
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Susceptibility
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The extent to which a study correctly represents the characteristics of interest.
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Validity
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The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism (Aids).
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Virulence
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Statistical application pertaining to the vital facts of human existence.
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Vital Statistics
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= Per 1000 of population
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Birth rate
Death rate |
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Number of deaths of a specific cause per 100,000 of population
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Specific Mortality Rate
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= Single most important factor showing the health of a community. It
correlates closely to the availability of housing, pure water, literacy, and the ability to achieve economic development. |
Infant Mortality
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The definition of health according to the World Health Organization is a
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“state of complete
physical, mental and social well being”. |
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the prevention of disease or injury.
Health education encourages individuals to develop good health habits. Environmental modification tries to help decrease injuries from falls, fires, vehicle accidents, and to develop adequate sewage and clean drinking water. |
Primary prevention
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the early detection and proper treatment of a disease.
Screening programs are used to detect disease processes at an early stage. |
Secondary prevention is
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limits itself with the disability or rehabilitation from diseases.
Public health can be defined as those activities of a government agency or community group that is not normally done by the private sector to improve the health status of the community or to individuals in the community. |
Teritary prevention
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systematic collection and analysis of available data that describes the
health status of the community. |
Assessment
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based on scientific and technical knowledge along with public
values and opinions. |
Policy development
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make sure the goals are being met.
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Assurance
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controls the Food and Drug Administration,
Centers for Disease Control, and United States Public Health Service. |
Department of Health and Human Services
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) is responsible for the safety of regulating health
products and restricts the product misrepresentation in the health advertising and promotion. |
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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compiles statistics on mortality and morbidity, and
also keeps track on epidemics. |
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
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is responsible for milk and milk products.
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U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
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is responsible for finance and research of health
products. |
National Institute of Health (NIH)
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is responsible for water purity and hazardous waste
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The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA
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refers to the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases or conditions
in a defined population. How and why do individuals become sick? |
Epidemiology
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The goals of the epidemiologist are
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1. Identify factors that cause disease or disease transmission.
2. Prevent the spread of communicable and non communicable diseases and conditions. |
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studies the variables of a disease within the population
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epidemiologist
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trained to identify and prevent diseases in a given population
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epidemiologist
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is trained to identify and treat disease in an individual
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medical doctor
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studies disease within a laboratory setting working with one variable at a time.
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basic scientist
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performed in order to explain acute outbreaks of a disease in relation to the variables of person, place and time.
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Descriptive studies
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do not prove cause and effect but generate hypotheses as to the casual
relationships of the factors associated with the disease |
Analytic studies
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encapsulated genetic materials of DNA or RNA.
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Viruses
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difficult to treat and cause destruction of cells resulting in permanent damage.
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Viruses
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is a host where a biologic agent can propagate
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reservoir
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are symptomatic individuals that seek medical attention.
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Clinical cases
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cause problems by infecting other individuals without them
knowing that they are infected. These are called carriers of the disease. |
Asymptomatic cases
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= the individual never develops clinical symptoms of the disease.
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. Sub clinical case
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the patient transmits the disease before becoming symptomatic.
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. Incubatory carrier
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patients are recovering from the disease however they are still
able to infect other individuals. |
Convalescent carrier
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patients who develop chronic infections and transmit the infection
for long periods of time |
Chronic carriers
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Types of portal of exits are:
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1. Respiratory tract
2. Genitourinary tract 3. Alimentary tract 4. Skin 5. Utero transmission |
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is where the host and the reservoir are in close proximity.
Direct contact transmission occurs from skin to skin contact |
Direct transmission
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is where the host and reservoir are separated.
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Indirect transmission
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is transmission of an infectious agent by an animate object
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Vector spread
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is transmission of an infectious agent by an inanimate object.
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Vehicle spread
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is transmission by sneezing, talking, or coughing (droplets).
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Airborne spread
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Factors of resistance are
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1. Skin that is intact
2. Good cough reflex 3. Normal gastric juices 4. Diarrhea 5. Normal bacterial flora |
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states that for a disease to occur there must be a harmful agent
which comes into contact with a susceptible host in the proper environment. |
The epidemiological triangle
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is a determinant of an individual’s susceptibility to a disease and includes
biological traits and social traits. |
host factor
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is one of the most important epidemiological factors in determining what disease a person acquires.
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Age
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climate, temperature, moisture.
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Physical factor
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ability of an agent to overcome environment hazards.
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Biologic factor
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diet, drug or alcohol use.
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Social factor
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occur when the proportion of susceptible individuals is high and increase as the proportion of immune individuals decreases.
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Epidemics
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refers to the process of determining the frequency at which a certain
disease occurs in a community by collecting data. |
Disease surveillance
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requires the total annihilation of the agent so the epidemiological triangle
will never occur. |
Disease eradication
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the registration or recording of vital events such as births, deaths, fetal deaths, abortions, marriages and divorces.
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Vital statistics
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the expression of the relationship between two items
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Ratio
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is the expression of the relationship of one part to a whole.
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Proportion
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is the expression of the probability of occurrence of a certain event
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Rate
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measures the rate of births per 1000 population
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Natality rate
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measures the rate of illness per 1000 population.
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Morbidity rate
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measures the rate of death per 1000 population.
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Mortality rate
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a quantitative measure of premature mortality
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Years of Potential Lost Life (YPLL)
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is used to determine the relative importance of dying from a specific disease in relation to all causes of death in the population.
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The Proportionate Mortality Ratio (PMR)
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refers to the date and in some cases the hour of disease onset.
Some diseases have a periodicity which can be used to predict future behavior. |
Time
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more common is summer months because it occurs in
contaminated air-cooling systems. |
Legionnaires’ disease
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zoonotic disease common in winter months and is transmitted by ticks
which are living on rabbits. |
Tularemia
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describe the distribution of cases during short periods of time and can be
helpful in determining the source of infection and its mode of transmission. |
Epidemic curves
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refers to the characteristics which describe the host. While no two people are exactly the same, many individuals share numerous characteristics
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Person
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refers to a specific geographic point or area and the features, factors, or conditions which allow the disease to exist.
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Place
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The purpose of an investigation is to describe the ___________a disease outbreak occurred.
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how and why
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to be able to construct an epidemic curve
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Variable of time
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to detect a source of infection
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Variable of place
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to examine the population at various angles
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Variable of person
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Characterize the distribution of cases by
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Variable of time , place, and person
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