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279 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Drug
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Chemicals used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease.
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Pharmacology
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The study of drugs and their interactions with the body
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Chemical Discription
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The most detailedname for any drug.States its chemical composition and molecular structure. i.e. ethyl-1-methyl-4-phynylisonipecotate hydrochloride
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Generic Name
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usually suggested by the manufacturer and confirmed by the United States Adopted Name Council. Becomes the FDA official name when listed in the USP. Usually lower case.
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USP
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United States Pharmacopeia.The official standard for information about pharmaceuticals in the United States.
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Brand Name
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Also called trade name or proprietary name. a proper name and should be capitalized. Most mfg. register the name as a trademark.
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What are the 4 main sources of drugs
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Plants, animals, minerals and laboratory(synthetic)
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What are the sources for drug information?
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United States pharmacopeia (USP), Physicians Desk Reference (PDR), Drug Information, Monthly Prescribing Reference, AMA Drug Evaluation
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What are the components of a drug profile
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names, Classification, Mechanism of action, indications, pharmakinetics, side effects, contraindications, dosage, how supplied, special considerations
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Components of a Drug name
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Most frequently include the generic and trade names. Be aware of every name for each med.
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Classification
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The is the broad group to which the drug belongs.
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mechanism of Action
pharmacodynamics |
The way in which a drug causes is effects; its pharmacodynamics. The most important part of what we (EMS) are going to see.
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Pharmacokinetics
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How the drug is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated typically includes onset and duration of action. How it gets into the body
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BEAD
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Biotransformation
Elimination Absorption Distribution |
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Side Effects/Adverse Reaction
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Untoward effect: causes serious side effects. Undesired effects: Mild side effects.
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Routes of administration
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How the drug is given
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Contraindications
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Conditions that make it inappropriate to give the drug when the drug is simply not indicated. a predictable harmful effect will occur is the drug is given in this situation. May coinside with side effects.
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Dosage
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The amount if the drug that should be given
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Special Consideration
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How the drug may affect pediatric, geriatric or pregnant patients.
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pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
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Enacted to improve the quality and labeling of drugs. Named the USP the official source for drug info.
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Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914
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Limited the indiscriminate use of addicting drugs by regulating the importation, manufacture, sale and use of opium, cocaine and their compounds or derivatives.
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Federal Food Drug and Cosmetica Act of 1938
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Empowered the FDA to enforce and set premarket safety standards for drugs.
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Durham Humphry Admendments
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AKA the prescription drug amendments. required pharmacists to have either a written or verbal prescription from a dr. to dispense certain drugs. Also created over the counter meds.
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Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
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AKA Controlled Substances Act. is the most recent majot federal legislation affecting drug sales and use. Repelled and replaced the Harrison Narcotic Act.
5 Schedules of Controlled Substances |
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Schedule 1
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high Abuse potential, leads to severe dependence, no accepted medical indications. Heroine, LSD, mescaline
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Schedule 2
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High Abuse potential, may leads to severe dependence, accepted medical indications. ie.e. opium, cocaine, morphine, oxycodone, methadone, secorbarbital
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Schedule 3
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Less Abuse potential may lead to moderate or low physical dependence, accepted medical indications. i.e. vicodin, tylenol with codeine
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Schedule 4
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Low abuse potential limited dependence. Diazepam, lorazepam, phenobarbital
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Schedule 5
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lower abuse potential, limited dependence, accepted medical indications. opioids often for cough or diarrhea
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drug laws and regulations
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State, Local , and Federal.
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assay
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Test that determines tje amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory
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Bioequivalence
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relative therapeutic effectiveness of shemically equivalent drugs
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bioassay
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test to ascertain a drugs availability in a biological model.
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Drug Development Timeline
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preclinical 1-3 years
Clinical Research 1-10 years (average 5) NDA review 2 months to 7 years (average 24 months) Post market Surveillance indefinite |
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6 Rights of medication Administration
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Right Medication
Right Dose Right Time Right Route Right Patient Right Document |
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Dose Packaging
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Medication packages contain a single dose for a single patient
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Teratogenic Drug
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medication that may deform or kill the fetus
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FDA Pregnancy Categories
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A: No demonstrated Risk to Fetus
B: No risk in Animals but no studies in Pregnant women C: Use with Caution D: Fetal Risk X: DO NOT USE, NO BENEFIT TO MOTHER |
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Drug Free Availability
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Proportion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects.
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Broselow Tape
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Used to calculate drug doseges in pediatric patients
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Active transport
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requires the use of energy to move a substace.
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Carrier mediated diffusion or facilitated diffusion
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process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane
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passive transport
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movement of a substance without the use of energy
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diffusion
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movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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osmosis
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movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower concentration to and area of higher concentration.
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Metabolism
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The bodys breaking down of chemicals into different chemicals
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biotransformation
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special name given to the metabolism of drugs. Occurs in the Liver.
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prodrug (parent drug)
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medication that is not active when administered, but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites.
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first- pass effect
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the livers partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation
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oxidation
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the loss of hydrigen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom, This increases the positive charge on the molecule
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hydrolysis
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the breakage of a chemical bond by adding water, or by incorporating a hydroxyl group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion into the other
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enteral route
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delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract
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parental route
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delivery of a medication outside of the gi tract, typically using needles to inject medications onto the circulatory system
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Types of enteral routes
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Oral
orogastric/nasogastric (OG/NG) sublingual(SL) Buccal Rectal |
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Types of Parental Routes
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IV, ET, IO, Umbilical, IM, SQ, inhalation/Nebulized, Topical, Transdermal, Nasal, Instillation, Intradermal
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Drug Forms (solid)
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Pills-easy to swallow
Powders: powder form of tablet Tablet- powder compressed Suppositories- rectal or vaginal (mixed with wax) capsul- gelatin filled with powder or tiny pills |
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Solutions
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Most common liquid preparation. Generally water based; some may be oil based
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Tinctures
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Prepared using an alcohol extraction process; some alcohol usually remains in the final drug preparation
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Suspensions
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Preparations in which the solid does not dissolve inthe solvent; if left alone the solid portion will precipitate out.
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Emulsions
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Suspensions with an oily substance in the solvent; even when well mixed, globules of oil separate out of the solution
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Spirits
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Solution of a volatile drug in alcohol
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Elixirs
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Alcohol and water solvent, often with flavoring added to improve the taste
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Syrups
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Sugar, Water and drug solution
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Types of Drug Actions
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-Binding to a receptor site
-Changing the physical properties of cells -Chemically combining with other chemicals -altering a normal metabollic pathway |
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Receptor
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Specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect.
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Affinity
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Force of attraction between a drug and a receptor
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Efficacy
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A drugs ability to cause the expected response
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second messenger
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Chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually cause a drugs desired effect
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Down Regulation
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binding of a drug or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease
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Up regulation
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a drug causes the formation of more receptors than normal
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Agonist
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drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response
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Antagonist
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drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response
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partial agonist
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drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others
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competitive antagonism
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one drug binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor
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noncompetitive antagonism
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the binding of a antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding
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Irreversible Antagonism
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a competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site
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iatrogenic
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a disease or response induced by the actions of a care provider. (physician produced)
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Drug response relationship
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correlation of different amounts of a drug to clinical response
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plasma level profile
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describes the lengths of onset, duration, and termination of action as well as the drugs minimum effective concentration and toxic levels
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Allergic Reaction
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AKA hypersensitivity. Effects occurs as the drug in antigenic and activates the immune system
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idiosyncracy
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drug effect that is unique to the individual, different than seen or expected in the population than general
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Cross Tolerance
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tolerance for a drug that develops after administration of a different drug.
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Tolerance
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decreased response to the same amount of drug after repeated administration
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tachyphylaxis
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rapidly occuring tolerance to a drug, may occur after a single dose. (usually occurs with decongestant and bronchodilation agents)
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cumulative effect
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increased effectiveness when a drug is given in several doses
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Drug Dependence
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the patient becomes accustomed to the drugs presence in his body and will suffer from withdrawal symptoms upon its absence
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Drug interaction
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the effect of one drug alter the response to another
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drug antagonism
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the effects of one drug blocks the response to another
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Summation
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AKA Addictive effect. two drugs that both have the same effect are given together to get the same effect. 1+1=2
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Synergism
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two drugs that both have the same effect that are given together to produce a resonse greater than the sum of their individual responses. 1+1=3
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Potentiation
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One drug enhances the effect of another. i.e. phenergan enhances morphine
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interference
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The direct biochemical interaction between two drugs, one drug affects the pharmacology of another
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onset of action
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the time from administration until a medication reaches it minimum effective concentration
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Minimum effective concentration
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minimum level of a drug needed to cause a given effect
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duration of action
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length of time the amount of drug remains above its minimum effective concentration
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termination of action
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time from when the drug levels drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body
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therapeutic index (TI)
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ratio of a drugs lethal dose (LD)for 50% of the population to its effective dose (ED) for 50% of the population.
LD50/ED50 |
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biologic half-life
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time the body takes to clear one half of a drug
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Drug response factors
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Age, body mass, sex, environment, time of admin, pathology, genetics, psychology
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6 Rights of drug administration
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right person
right drug right dose right time right route right documentation |
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percutaneous drug administration
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drugs applied to and absorbed through the skin
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transdermal
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slow and steady rate
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mucouse membrane admin
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drugs absorbed through mucous membranes at moderate to rapid rate
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Asepsis (Aseptic)
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a condition free of pathogens
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Local
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limited to one area of the body
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systemic
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throughout the body
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sterile
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free of all forms of life
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medically clean
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careful handling to prevent contamination
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disinfectant
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cleansing agent that is toxic to living tissue. Never use on living tissue
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antiseptic
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cleansing agent that is not toxic to living tissue. used to clean living tissue
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Routes of Administration
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percutaneous
Pulmonary Enteral Paretal |
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Topical Medication
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material applied to and absorbed through the skin or mucous membrane
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Mucous Membrane Sites of administration
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tongue, Cheek, Eye, Nose, Ear
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Abbreviations for Eye drug administration
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o.d.-right eye
o.s. - left eye o.u. - both eyes |
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Aural Medication
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Drugs administered through the mucous membrane of the ear and ear canal
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Pulmonary Medication Mechanisms
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Nebulizer
Metered dose inhaler Endotracheal tube |
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Metered Dose Inhaler
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Handheld device that produces a medication spray for inhalation
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LEAN
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Endotracheal Medications
Lidocaine Epinephrine Atropine Naloxone |
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Emulsions
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medications combined with a fat or oil emulsifier
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Lozenge
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solid form of medication that slowly dissolve in the mouth, permitting gradual swallowing
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Hepatic Alteration
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change in a medications chemical compoisition that occurs in the liver
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Rectacl Administration
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a good method. Bypasses the liver and absorption in more predictable
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enema
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a liquid bolus of medication that is injected into the rectum
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bolus
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concentrated mass of medication
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Common rectal drugs
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Valium, Versed, Narcan
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Luer Adapter
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Nipple at the end of a syringe
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Luer Lock
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Ability to screw syringe into place
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Hypodermic Needle
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hollow metal tube used with the syringe to administer medication
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gauge
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the size of a needle's diameter. the lower the number the larger the diameter
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Kinds of parental drug containers
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-glass ampules
- Single and multidose vials - non constitutional syringe - prefilled syringe |
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Ampule (Amp)
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breakable glass vessel containing liquid medication
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Vial
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plastic or glass container with a self sealing top
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non constituted drug vial/mix-o-vial
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vial with two containers, one holding powdered medication and the other holding a liquid mixing solution
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Prefilled/preloaded syringe
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syringe packaged in a tamper proof container with the medication aready in the barrel
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medicated solution
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parental medication packaged in an IV bag and administered as an IV infusion
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infusion
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liquid medication delivered through a vein
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Parenteral routes
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ID, SQ, IM, IV, IO
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intradermal (ID)
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I.e. PPD. Deposit medication into the dermal layer of the skin. 15 degree angle
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Subcutaneous (SQ)
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the layer of loose connective tissue between the skin and the muscle. Pinch skin and go in at a 45 degree angle
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IM sites
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Deltoid, Dorsal Gluteal above pocket to avoid sciatic nerve, Vastus lateralis, Rectus Femoris
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IV Access
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AKA cannulation. surgical puncture of a vein to deliver medication or withdraw blood
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Peripheral venous access
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surgical puncture of a vein in the arm, leg or neck
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Central Venous Access
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Surgical puncture of the internal jugular, subclavian or femoral veins
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Peripherally inserted central catheter
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PICC line threaded into the central circulation via a peripheral site. Used for long term care.
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Huber Needle
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Angled needle that attaches to the ports of a PICC. Only needle that can be used with these ports
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Colloid
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intravenous solutions containing large proteins that cannot pass through capillary membranes
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Crystalloid
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IV solutions that contain electrolytes but lack the larger proteins associated with colloids
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Crystalloid Classes
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Isotonic
Hypertonic hypotonic |
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Isotonic
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state in which solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane are in equal concentration
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Hypertonic
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State in which a solution has a higher concentraton on one side of a semipermeable membrane than on the other side
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Hypotonic
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state in which a solution has a lower solute concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane than on the other side.
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Common Colloids
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Plasma Protein Fraction (Plasmanate), Salt Poor Albumin, Dextran, Hespan
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Microdrip
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60 gtts per 1mL
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macrodrip
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10 gtts per 1mL
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over the needle catheter/angiocatheter
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semiflexible catheter enclosing a sharp metal stylet.
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heparin lock
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peripheral iv cannula with a distal medication port used for intermittent fluid or medication infusions.
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saline lock
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peripheral iv cannula with a distal medication port used for intermittent fluid or medication infusions. Saline is injected onto the device to maintaain its patency
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Venous access device
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surgicall y implanted port that permits repeated access to central venous circulation
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huber needle
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needle that has an opening in the side of the shaft instead of the tip
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infusion controller
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gravity flow device that regulates fluids passage through an electromechanical pump
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extravascular
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outside the vein
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infusion pump
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device that delivers fluids and medications under positive pressure
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blood tube
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glass container with color coded, self sealing rubber top
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vacutainer
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device that holds blood tubes
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luer sampling needle
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long, exposed needle that screws into the vacutainer and is inserted directly into the vein
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Brand Name Drugs
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Should be Capatalized, do not contain the (cemical composition or the ",USP" at the end
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Official Name for Drugs
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Not capatilized and contain the ",USP" at the end
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Reference Materials, Sources for Drug information
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USP (United States Pharmacopeia, PDA, Dring Information, Monthly Prescribing Reference, AMA Drug Evaluation
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Physician Drug Reference (PDA)
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A compilation of drug inserts, printed fact sheets that drug mfg. supply, includes 3 indices and a section containing photos of drugs
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Drug Information
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Published by the American Society of Health System Pharmacists. Contains an authoratative listing of monographs on every drug used in the USA
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Monthly Prescribibg Reference
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Designed to Assist physicians in prescribing medication and which are available to treat certain diseases
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AMA Drug Evaluation
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published by the American Medical Association
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Plants (Source of Drugs)
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Oldest Source. Digitalis
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Why is there federal drug regulation?
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To protect the public from adulterated and mislabeled drugs
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Durham Humphry Amendment
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Required pharmacists to have either a written or verbal presciption from a physician to dispense drugs
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Schedule I
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High Abuse Potential; may lead to severe dependence; no accepted medical indications; used for research, analysis or instruction only
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Schedule II
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High Abuse Potential; may lead to severe dependence; accepted medical indications
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Schedule III
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Less abuse potential than Schedule I and II; may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence; accepted medical indications
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Schedule IV
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Low abuse potential compared to Schedule III; limited psychological and/or physical dependence; accepted medical indications
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Schedule V
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Lower abuse potential compared to Schedule IV; may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence; accepted medical indications
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New Drug Development Phase I
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To determine the drug's pharmacokinetics, toxicity and safe dose in humans. Carried out on limited population of volunteers. High risk drugs not carried out on humans
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New Drug Development Phase II
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Drug is tested on limited population of patients who have the disease it is intended to treat. Primary purpose is to find therapeutic drug level
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New Drug Development Phase III
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Main purpose is to refine the usual therapeutic dose and to collect data on side effects. Usually in a double blind study
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New Drug Development Phase IV
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Involves postmarket analysis during conditional approval. MFg. monitors its performance
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FDA Classification of newly approved drugs
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Method utilizes a number and a letter for each new drug in the IND phase or upon NDA review of the FDA.
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IND Phase
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Investigational New Drug. This phase is designated by the FDA if the results of animal testing are satisfactory
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FDA Pregnancy Categories
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A-no risk
B-no studies in pregnant woman(no risk in animals) C-Adverse effects in animals=Use with caution D-Fetal Risk Benefits could outweigh risks X- Fetal Risk-risk outweighs any benefit to mother |
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Free Drug Availability
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Proportion of a drug in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects
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Extracellular Fluid in Neonates
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80% (adults 50%-55%)
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Pharmacokinetics
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How a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized(biotransformed), and excreted; how drugs are transported into and out of the body
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Pharmacodynamics
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How a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects
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Nubain (Nalbuphine)
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Agonist-Antagonist. Stimulates some of the opioid agonists analgesic properties but partially blocks others such as respiratory depression.
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What is the most common second messenger?
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cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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Naloxone (Narcan)
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Antagonist. Binds to the opiate receptor, but will not initiate pain relief but does block narcotics and its response
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mannitol (osmotrol)
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increases urine output by increasing the bloods osmotic pull
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Plasma Level Profile
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Descibes the lengths of onset, duration, and termination of action as well as the drugs minimum effective concentration and toxic levels
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Prototype
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drug that best demonstrates the classes common properties and illustrates its particular characteristics
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Central Nervous System
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Brain and Spinal Cord
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Peripheral nervous System
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Broken down into Autonomic and Somatic
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Somatic Nervous System
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Controls Voluntary "Motor" functions
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Controls involuntary functions. Broken down into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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Sympathestic Nervous System
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Fight or Flight
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Feed or Breed
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Morphine
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Opioid Drug. Decreases cardiac preload and afterload. Analgesia, Euphoria, sedation. Useful in MI.
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Non Opioid Analgesic
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Aspirin, Buprofen, acetaminophen
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opioid Antagonist
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reverse effects of opioid drugs, such as narcan
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Adjunct medication
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enhances other drug effects. i.e. valium and versed.
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Opioid Agonist Antagonist
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displays both agonist and antagonist properties. i.e. Nubain and stadol
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Antianxiety and hypnotic drugs
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benzodiazepines and barbituates. Decreases response to stimuli by increasing effectiveness of GABA
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GABA
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Gamma-aminobutyric acid. Chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
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Romazicon (flumazenil)
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benzodiazeprine Antagonist(antianxiety, sedative/hypnotic) Reverses sedation
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Antagrade
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After administration of medications
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MAOI
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Antidepressent Medication
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor. DO NOT EAT CHEESE AND RED WINE (both contain tyramine) |
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EPS
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Extrapyramidal Symptoms. Common side effects of antipsychotic medications. including muscle tremors and parkinsonism like effects
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mimetic
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to mimic and increase response
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Autonomic ganglia
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groups of autonomic nerve cells located outside the CNS
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preganglionic nerves
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Nerve fibers that extend from the CNS to the autonomic ganglia
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postganglionic nerves
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nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues
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synapse
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space between nerve cells
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neurotransmitter
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chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse
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neuron
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nerve cell
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cholinergic
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pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
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adrenergic
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pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
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Location of ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system
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close to the spinal cord
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Acetylcholine
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Utilized in the preganglionic nerves of the sympathetic nervous system and in both the pre and postganglionic nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Norepinephrine
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is the postganglionic neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system.
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2 main types of ACh receptors
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nicotinic and muscarinic
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nicotinic
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muscle. receptors are found at the neuromuscular junction and initiate contraction (somatic)
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Muscarinic
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(organ) found in many organs throughout the body responsible for promoting the parasympathetic response.
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Parasympathomimetics
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Cholinergics. drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the PNS
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Parasympatholytics
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Anticholinergic. drug or tother substance that blocks or inhibits the actions of the PNS
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SLUDGE
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Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GAstric Motility, Emesis. Adverse effect of cholinergics.
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Atropine
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Muscarinic Cholinergic Antagonist.
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sympathomimetic
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drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the SNS. Adrenergic
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sympatholytic
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drug or other substance that blocks the actions of the SNS. Antiadrenergic.
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Types of Sympathetic receptors
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Adrenergic
-alpha 1 -alpha 2 -beta 1 -beta 2 Dopaminergic |
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Alpha 1
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Response to stimuli
-vasoconstriction -ejaculation |
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Alpha 2
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Response to stimuli
-inhibits the continued release of NE |
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Beta 1
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Response to stimuli
-increase HR -increased conductivity -increased automaticity -increased contractility Renin release |
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Beta 2
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Response to stimuli
-Bronchodilation -Vasodilation -inhibits uterine contraction -tremors |
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dopaminergic
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response to stimuli
-vasodilation (increased blood flow) to the kidneys |
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Beta Blockers
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Adrenergic Antagonists. used to treat tachcardia, hypertension, and angina. Causes bronchoconstriction and inhibited glycogenolysis. all end with olol.
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fast potential
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found in myocardial contractile tissue
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Slow potential
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found in av and Sa nodes
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Antidysrhythmic
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used to treat and prevent abnormal cardiac rhythms
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Vaughn-Williams Claasifications
Sodium Channel Blockers |
Class 1A-widening QRS, Prolonged QT
Class 1B-widening QRS, Prolonged QT (lidocaine) Class 1C- Prolonged PR, Widening QRS I- prolonged PR, widening QRS |
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Vaughn-Williams Classifications
Beta Blockers |
Prolonged PR, bradycardia
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Vaughn-Williams Classifications
Potassium Channel Blockers |
prolonged QT
indication in VFIB causes initial release of NE. delayed repolarization. |
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VAugh-Williams Classifications
Calcium Channel Blockers |
Prolonged PR, bradycardia (verapimil)
decrease SA and AV node automaticity |
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Vaughn-Williams Classifications
Misc. |
Adenisine, prolonged PR, bradycardia
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SA Node
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The hearts dominant pace maker
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Action potential
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electrical impulses
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AV Node
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where conduction is delayed momentarily to give ventricals time to fill completely
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Fast Potential
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Occurs in the ventricular conduction system
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Fast potential Cyclic activity Phases
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Phase 0-depolarization (rapid influx of Na+ into the cell)
Phase 1- through 3- represent the repolarization. 1 k+ begins to leave the cell, 2 influx of Ca++ into the cell, 3 cessation of Ca++ and rapid efflux of K+. phase 4 is resting membrane potential. |
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Antidystrythmic affects what stage?
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Normally stage 4
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Procardia
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For hypertension, angina. Sytemic vasodilation, decreased blood pressure. Calcium Channel blocker. Only affects vascular smooth muscles of arterioles. Lower afterload
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Frank Starlings effect
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The greater the preload the greater the contractile force, the greater the afterload.
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Loop Diuretic
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profoundly affect circ. blood volume. Primary in treating CHF. Lasix. Decreased preload. Orthostatic Hpotension.
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LDL
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low density lipoprotein. Elevated levels causes coronary artery disease.
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Beta 2 specific agents
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treat asthma
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Glucocorticoids
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anti inflammatory properties. methylprednisolone
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Leukotriene
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mediators released from mast cells upon contact with allergens. contribute to inflammation and bronchoconstriction
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Leukotriene Antagonist
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block the synthesis. Zyflo, Accolate
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Antitussive
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medication that suppresses the stimulus to cough in the CNS
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Expectorant
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medication intended to increase the productivity of cough
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Mucolytic
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medication intended to make mucus more watery
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H. Pylori
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may promote ulcers
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Adrenal Cortex
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2 diseases associated with the adrenal cortex are cushings disease and addisons disease. Secrete androgens, glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids
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Secreted from the Beta Cells of the Pancreas Islets of Langerhans
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Insulin:substance that decreases blood glucose levels. And Glucagon: substance that increases blood glucose levels
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Oxytocin
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Uterine Stimulant
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Antineoplastic Agent
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Drug used to treat cancer
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Uricosuric Drugs
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Used to treat Gout
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Serum
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Solution containing whole antibodies for a specific pathogen
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Vaccine
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Solution containing a modified pathogen that does nnot actually cause disease but still stimulates the development of antibodies specific to it
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Portal Circulation
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Hepatic Circulatory System
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Endotracheal Medications
LEAN |
Lidocaine, Epinephrine, Atropine, Naloxone
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Most Common Rectal Meds
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Valium, Versed, Narcan
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extravasation
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leakage of fluid or medication from the blood vessel that is commonly found with infiltration. Causes edema at iv site.
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