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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Blood is classified as ________
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a connective tissue
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System functions of blood
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transport system
regulatory system defense system |
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Plasma leaves bloodstream, enters body tissues -
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hemoconcentration
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causes cells to become concentrated
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Composition of plasma
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- water
- proteins - gases - lipids - amino acids -metabolic wastes -electrolytes |
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Composition of blood
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plasma
erythrocytes leukocytes thrombocytes |
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erythrocyte
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red blood cell
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leukocyte
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white blood cell
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thrombocyte
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platelet
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hemoglobin
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protein in blood that gives blood its red color and acts as a transport for oxygen
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bilirubin
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broken down hemoglobin
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Leukocytes are formed where
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from the bone marrow's hemocytoblasts
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Leukocytes are grouped by which two cytoplasmic groups
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Granulocytes
Agranulocytes |
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Neutrophils
Eosinophils Basophils |
are all granulocytes
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the most common type of granulocyte:
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Neutrophils
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How many types of granulocytes does the blood contain
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three
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What is a whole blood count and what is it comprised of
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contains plasma and all its cellular components
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function and purpose of neutrophils
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-first to arrive at an infection site
-ingest bacteria, virus particles, fungi, or protozoa |
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function and purpose of eosinophils
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-moderate allergic reactions
- defend against parasitic worm infestations |
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function and purpose of basophils
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-discharge histamine and heparin to damaged tissue to promote inflammation and blood flow
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nuclei contains two to five lobes
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neutrophils
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has a bilobed nuclei
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eosinophils
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contains numerous granules in the cytoplasm
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basophils
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Name the two types of agranulocytes
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Monocytes
Lymphocytes |
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Purpose and function of a monocyte
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large migrating agranulocyte that travels in the blood and develop into macrophages that phagocytose bacteria and debris in the tissues
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what is an agranulocyte
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a leukocyte cell that lacks granules in their cytoplasm
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is twice the size of red blood cells and has an oval or kidney-bean-shaped nuclei
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monocyte
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a long-lived cell that comprises 25 to 33% of the WBC population
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a Lymphocyte
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is easy to recognize due to a large nucleus that occupies most of the cell
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a lymphocyte
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an immunity cell that contains three sub-cells
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a lymphocyte
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name the three sub-cells of a lymphocyte and their function
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- T cell, directly attack foreign and tumor cells - cell mediated immunity
- B cells produce antibodies to attack foreign cells or protein - antibody production/hormonal immunity - NK or natural killer cells are important in cancer prevention |
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the purpose of leukocytes is to perform _____________
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phagocytosis
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cytoplasmic streaming/diapedesis
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leukocytes moving out of the circulation system
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process of movement
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diapedesis
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the process that enables leukocytes to leave the circulatory system
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leukocytosis
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when the WBC count is above 10,000
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leucopenia
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when the WBC count falls below 5,000 (flu/ viral infections/poisonings)
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normal WBC range
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between 5,000 to 10,000
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___________ include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
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granulocytes
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agranulocytes include _______ and ________
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lymphocytes and monocytes
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the most common WBC is the _______
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neutrophil
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___________ may be caused by acute infection
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leukocytosis
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________ defend against parasitic worm infestations
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eosinophils
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RBC
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red blood count
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_______ comprise 99% of all blood cells
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erythrocytes
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__________are small, with a concave shape
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erythrocytes
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what is postprandial lipemia
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blood sample contains cloudy plasma because animal has eaten just before sample was drawn
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anticoagulants
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substances that tie up one of the clotting factors
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most common anticoagulant
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ethylenediaminetetracretic acid - EDTA - blocks clotting factor IV (calcium)
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Romanosky stain
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blue * red dyes dissolved in methyl alcohol
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What type of cell structure stains blue with a Romanosky stain
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alkaline
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Romanoksy stain result is red is what type of cellular structure?
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acidic
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what is hematopoiesis?
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production of all blood cells
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all blood cells have a common ancestor, what is this called?
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pluripotent stem cells (PPSCs)
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what is a polychromatic stain?
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A Romanosky type stain that stains blue or red - more than one color
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What is the most widely used hematology stain?
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Wright's stain
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the basic part of a ___________stain is methylene blue
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Wright's stain
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the _________________stain is a polychromatic stain that combine two types of acidic dyes: blue & red
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Romanosky
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One ____________ cell has potential to develope into any one of the blood cells.
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Stem cell - Pluripotent Stem Cell
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neutrophils
characteristics lifespan function |
Lifespan: 12 hrs
character: stain neutral - nuclear morphology - if immature it has a horseshoe nucleus (called a band neutrophil) - two to five segments function: phagocytes - known as a polymorphonuclear cell - because their nuclei have many shapes - this is the only cell that is called a PMN |
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Most numerous WBC in circulation found in horse, dog, and cats
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a nuetrophil
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Venipuncture for dog
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Jugular
Cephalic Saphenous |
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Venipuncture for cat
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Jugular
Cephalic Femoral |
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Venipuncture for horse
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Jugular
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extravascular hemolysis
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RBCs destroyed outside the cardiovascular system
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intravascular hemolysis
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RBCs destroyed inside the cardiovascular system
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anemia
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decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood often caused by low numbers of RBCs
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polycythemia
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an increase in the normal number of RBCs
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Defense function: WBC Phagocytes
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neutrophils
eosinophils basophils monocytes |
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Defense function: WBC antibody/cellular immunity
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lymphocytes
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List the 3 methods of classifying WBCs
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1. defense function
2. nucleus shape 3. presence or absence of staining cytoplasm |
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List three nuclei shapes, describe, give examples
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1. polymorphonuclear = multilobed, segmented: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
2. mononuclear = single, rounded: lymphocytes 3. pleomorphic = varying, nonsegmented: monocytes |
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List two types of cytoplasm staining
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1. granulocytes = presence of granules: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
2. agranulocytes = absence of granules: lymphocytes, monocytes |
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together the ______ count and the _____ count provides information about the animal's state of health
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WBC count
differential count |
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Define Differential Count
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count first 100 WBCs, track each type of WBC seen
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True or False: each species has a value range that represents a normal WBC count
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True
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the normal neutrophil range for a dog is
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60 to 70%
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the normal WBC range for a dog is
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6 to 17 billion per litter of blood
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Define granulepoiesis
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to formation of granulocytes in the bone marrow
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how is leukemia classified and name example classifications
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by the type of white blood cell involved:
lymphocyte leukemia; monocyte leukemia; eosinophilic leukemia |
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define non-specific granules
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granules that immature granulocytes have in common
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define specific granules
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granules that determine the function of the mature granulocytes
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define pyknosis
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process of cell death that causes segment breakage and loss of chromatin pattern
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the only cell that is called a PMN (polymorphonuclear) even though two others have this same quality
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neutrophils
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the most numerous WBC in circulation in dogs, cats, horses
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neutrophils
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the presence of a hypersegmented neutrophil in a blood smear can indicate which two things?
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1. a pathological condition
2. the smear was made from old blood |
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neutrophils are pseudopods
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true
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neutrophilia
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a higher than normal count of neutrophils in a blood sample
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leukocytosis
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increased number of WBCs in a blood sample
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two indicators of infections in the body
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combined neutrophilia and leukocytosis
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buffy coat
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the white/yellow "coat" in a hematocrit tube
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neutropenia
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a condition where neutrophils are used up faster than the bone marrow can produce them
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leukocytopenia
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decrease in total WBC
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two indicators that the body is losing its battle against invading microorganisms
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neutropenia and leukocytopenia
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