Basic English Grammar

Front 1

Elements in a simple sentence:

Back 1

SUBJECT
VERB
OBJECT
COMPLIMENT
ADVERB

Front 2

Connects independent clauses together but doesn't indicate their relationship.

Back 2

Compound Sentence

Front 3

Coordinating conjunctions

Back 3

FAN BOYS

FOR BUT
AND OR
NOR YET
SO

Front 4

COMPLEX SENTENCE

Back 4

Independent Clause

+

Dependant Clause

Front 5

When the dependent clause comes first...

Back 5

,use a comma to separate the two clauses.

Front 6

Use no comma...

Back 6

when the independent clause comes first.

Front 7

Subordinating Conjunctions

Back 7

after, although, as, because, before, even though, if, since, though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, wherever, while

Front 8

Non-defining relative clause

Back 8

usually between commas

The fish, which stank, was inedible.

Gives information but is not essential.

Front 9

Defining relative clause

Back 9

Gives info to define or identify
the person or thing we are talking about.

Elephants who marry mice are unusual.

Front 10

Direct Speech

Back 10

What people actually say.
Is put between " ."


Bob said he "fell into a comma while studying grammar."

Front 11

Reported Speech

Back 11

We report the info by changing the words.

He fell into a comma while studying grammar.

Front 12

The two tenses in the English Language:

Back 12

Past & Present

Front 13

The three aspects

Back 13

Perfect
Continuous
Simple (not really)

Front 14

Present Continuous formation

Back 14

S+be+V-ing

I am speaking.

Front 15

Present Continuous Use

Back 15

•expresses actions happening around now or exactly now.

•expresses action happening in the future.

Front 16

Past Continuous Formation

Back 16

S+ was/were + V-ing
aux verb be
in simple past

I was watching TV.

Front 17

Past Continuous Use

Back 17

The past cont. expresses an action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before the moment but has not finished at the moment.

Front 18

Past Continuous & Simple Past

Back 18

The two are often used together.

I was watching TV when you telephoned.

Front 19

Present Perfect Construction

Back 19

S+ HAVE + main verb
past participle

You have eaten

Front 20

Present Perfect Use

Back 20

Has a connection to the past and the present.

An action took place in the past and a memory of it exists in the present.

I have seen ET the movie.

Three basic uses: experience, change or new information, continuing situation.

Front 21

For & Since with the Present Perfect

Back 21

We use FOR to talk about a period or duration of time: 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years

We use SINCE to talk about a point in past time: 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday

Front 22

Present Perfect Continuous Formation

Back 22

S + have/has + been + V-ing

She has been wearing glasses for years.

Front 23

Present Perfect Continuous Use

Back 23

•We use the Present Perfect Continuous when we measure the duration so far of a present action or to specify when it began.

•used with for, since or with the question how long...?

Front 24

Past Perfect Continuous Formation

Back 24

S + HAD + BEEN + V-ING

They had been losing a lot of money.

Front 25

Past Perfect Continuous Use

Back 25

expresses an event that took place before a particular point in the past.

Front 26

The Simple Aspect

Back 26

•Not really an aspect

USES
•To denote permanence
Juan lives in Spain
•To denote fixed time reference
I went there yesterday
•To denote completion
I bought it yesterday

Front 27

Conditionals

Back 27

We use conditionals to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.

Front 28

C0

Back 28

Present: If you drop the eggs they break.

Always present/general statement

Front 29

C1

Back 29

1st part present/ 2nd Future: If you drop that egg it will break.

Real and could happen.

Front 30

C2

Back 30

1st part Simple Past/ 2nd Modal:
If you dropped that egg it would break.

Edge of no longer being possible/slim chance/hypothetical

Front 31

C3

Back 31

1st past perfect/2nd modal have:
If you'd dropped that egg it would've broken.

Front 32

Modals Definition

Back 32

are auxliary verbs that function as an indicator of the speaker's judgement about the likelihood or desirability of the situation in question.

Front 33

Pure Modals (9)

Back 33

will
would
can
could
shall
should
may
might
must

Front 34

Impure Modals (3)

Back 34

ought to

have to

need to

Front 35

Characteristics of modals

Back 35

• no use of "s"
• Can't be used with another
auxiliary.
• Doesn't change
• the verb that follows the
modal changes.
• Inversion questions
• No infinitive

Front 36

What modals express what?

Back 36

?????

Front 37

Multi-word verb construction

Back 37

made of a verb and one or more particles.

come to
put up with

Front 38

Particle Definition

Back 38

are words we use as adverbs and/or prepositions in other contexts.

away, back, off, on out

Front 39

Type 1
no object, intransitive

Back 39

doesn't take a D.O.

Multi-word Verbs

The plane took off.

Front 40

Type 2
object, transitive

Back 40

needs a D.O.

inseparable: can't go between the verb and the particle.

Can you look after the children?

Multi-word Verbs

Front 41

Type 3
Object(transitive)

Back 41

need a D.O

separable: can go between the verb and the particle

Can you put my parents up if they come?
Can you put up my parents if they come?

Multi-word verbs

Front 42

Type 4
Object(transitive)

Back 42

has two particles

which are inseparable

You should look up to teachers.

Multi-word Verbs

Front 43

Active Voice

Back 43

We mostly speak this.

The boy broke the glass.

The Subject is the indicator of the action.

Front 44

Passive Voice

Back 44

is mostly written.

The glass was broken by the boy.

The object of the verb is now the subject.