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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Matter is anything that... |
Occupies space and has form or shape. |
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Constant quantity of matter is |
mass, which is measured in kilograms. |
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1 Kilogram = |
2.2pounds |
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You know you have 4.4lbs, how many kilos? |
pounds/kilo=4.4/2.2=2 kilos |
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You know you have 2 kilos how many pounds? |
2 kilos X 2.2lbs=4.4lbs |
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Weight is.... |
mass of object in gravitational field |
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Weight on moon |
1/6 of earths weight |
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Mass can be transformed into... |
Water, Ice, Vapor |
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Energy is... |
the ability to do work. |
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Energy is measured in |
joules. (j) |
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Potential Energy |
ability to do work by virtue of position. |
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Kinetic Energy |
the energy of motion. |
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Chemical Energy |
released by a chemical reaction. |
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Electrical Energy |
when electron or electronic charge moves through an electrical potential. |
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Thermal Energy |
heat-energy of motion at molecular level. Measured by temperature. |
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Nuclear Energy |
Contained in the nucleus. |
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Electromagnetic Energy |
type of energy in x-rays, radio waves, microwaves. |
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Tube>X-Ray>Film |
Electrical Energy>Electromagnetic Energy>Chemical Energy
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Mass and Energy are Interchangeable |
E=MC2 |
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Speed of Light |
3 X 10 to the 8th meters/sec |
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Radiation is... |
the transfer of energy. |
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Examples of radiation |
piano string vibrates, radiates sound. pebbles drop into water and make waves radiate. |
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Irradiated Matter |
Intercepts and absorbs part of radiation. |
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Examples of irradiated matter in radiology |
the patient, the IR, the cassette. |
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Ionizing Radiation |
Radiation that removes electron from atom with which it interacts. |
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Kinds of Ionizing Radiation |
X-Rays, Gamma Rays, Alpha and Beta Particles. |
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If an electron loses an atom it becomes |
Unstable! (Ionization) |
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What is emitted when the nucleus of an atom is destroyed? |
Alpha and Beta Particles |
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the free floating electron and the atom from which it was separated are known as? |
Ion Pair |
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In an Ion Pair which has the positive charge and which has the negative? |
Electron=negative charge. Atom=positive charge. |
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Atoms are normally? |
Neutral |
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What is the largest source of Ionizing Radiation? |
Radon, present in all earth based material, concrete, brick etc. |
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Other accounts for the other part of the 82% of sources of ionizing radiation? |
Cosmic (sun and stars) Terrestrial (uranium, thorium, and other nuclides.) Internally deposited Radionuclides (metabolites in the body, mainly potassium) |
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18% of the source of Ionizing Radiation is? |
Man-Made. |
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Man-made sources of ionizing radiation |
Diagnostic Imaging (largest source), X-rays, nuclear medicine, nuclear power generators, consumer items (watch dials, exit signs, smoke detectors etc) |
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Rem |
Radiation Equivalent Man. (quantity of radiation received by humans) |
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Who discovered x-rays and when? |
Wilhelm Roentgen, November 8, 1895. |
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How did he discover x-rays? |
Plate coated with barium platinocyanide, plate began to glow, intensity increased as plate got closer to tube. This glow is Fluorescence. |
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What is a Crookes tube? |
Partially evacuated glass tube. |
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First medical x-ray? |
Roentgens wife's hand. |
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What are the properties of radiation that Roentgen was able to describe by experimenting with the plate? |
Invisible, highly penetrable, travel@speed of light, they can produce harmful biological damage. |
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Radiography is? |
Still image, uses x-ray and film. |
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KvP kilovolt peak is? |
The unit used to measure x-ray voltages. 1 kv=1000 volts. |
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mA milliamperes are? |
Unit of x-ray current 1mA=1/1000 ampere. |
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Intensifying screens? |
Shortened the exposure time. Used glass plates with emulsion on 1 side. |
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Double emulsion film? |
Both sides coated=half the exposure time. |
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What happened in WW1? |
Needed development of better substances than heavy glass plates. |
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What did they use instead in WW1? |
Cellulose Nitrate was lighter and easier to use.
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Fluoroscopy gives a? |
Live image from under the table. |
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Who developed Fluoroscopy in 1898? |
Edison |
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When and who was the first x-ray fatality? |
1904, Edison's assistant, Clarence Daly. |
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Collimation? |
Rollins cut hole in sheet to reduce risk of radiation burns. |
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Filtration? |
Rollins inserted aluminum filter and found it improved image by absorbing soft rays. |
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In 1907, who introduced a high-voltage power supply not widely used until the introduction of the Coolidge Tube? |
Snook-Snook Transformer |
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What is the Coolidge Tube? |
Full vacuum tube. The tubes used today are refinements of these. |
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Radiology emerged as a medical specialty because of these two things? |
Potter-Bucky grid, Light Amplifier Tube |
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Potter-Bucky Grid of 1921 |
Improved image contrast. |
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Light Amplifier Tube of 1946 |
adapted for fluoroscopy in 1950 (image intensified fluoroscopy |
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Types of Radiation injuries? |
Skin Damage (erythema) Loss of hair (epilation), Loss of blood cells (anemia), Leukemia (cancer of blood forming tissues) |
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Any amount of radiation can cause... |
Cancer and it might not show up for 20 years. |
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Protective Apparel was developed, such as |
Lead Aprons Lead Gloves Lead Barriers Radiation Monitoring Devices Glass Window |
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Basics for radiation protection? |
Time, Distance, Shielding |
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Golden Rule? |
ALARA-As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
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Ways to reduce dose? |
Filtration, Collimation, Intensifying Screens |
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Filtration? |
Metal Fillers inserted into x-ray tube to absorb low energy x-rays before they reach the patient. |
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Collimation? |
Positive Beam Limitation, also reduces scatter and improves contrast. |
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Intensifying Screens? |
Cassette contains screens on both sides of film to reduce patient exposure by 95% |
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Protective Apparel is impregnated with? |
Lead such as lead gloves, aprons. |
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Gonadal Shielding is used on? |
ALL PATIENTS OF CHILD BEARING AGE when it doesnt interfere with exam, from 12-55. |
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Protective Barriers? |
Console is located behind protective barrier, lead walls, windows. |
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Holding Patients? |
By a family member, preferably a male or female not of child bearing age. Age and gender determines who holds baby. |
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How many types of radiologic units are there? |
4, US had one set and everyone else uses International System of units SI |
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Roentgen is the US unit that measures what? |
Radiation exposure or intensity in air.
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The way to measure radiation exposure or intensity in the air in the SI system is? |
Air Kerma (mGya) |
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Conversion of Roentgen (R) to SI unit Air Kerma (mGya)? |
1R=.01Gya
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What does Rad represent? |
Radiation absorbed dose. |
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SI Unit of Rad is known as? |
gray (Gyt) |
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Biologic effects are usually related to? |
RAD |
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Conversion of RAD to SI system |
1rad=.01Gyt |
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REM represents what in the US? |
Occupational Radiation |
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Occupational Radiation monitoring devices are analyzed in rem which stands for? |
Radiation equivalent in men
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SI Unit of REM is called a? |
Seivert (SV) |
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Conversion of REM to Seviert (Sv) |
1REM=.01 Seviert |
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REM also known as? |
Effective dose equivalent |
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Curie (Ci) is a? |
Unit of radioactivity |
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A Curie(Ci) is a represented as a what in the SI system? |
Becquerel (Bq)
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A curie represents the quantity of radioactive material not the? |
Radiation emitted by the material. Ex: amount of radiation injected in nuclear med. |
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Conversion of Curie(Ci) to Becquerel(Bq) |
Ci X (3.7 X 10 to the 10th power)=Bq |
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X-Ray exposure to humans US? |
1R=1Rad=1Rem |
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X-Ray exposure to humans SI? |
1mGya=1mGyt=1mSv Air Kerma=Gray=Seviert |
