Basic Chemistry - Physical Science

Front 1

Law of Conservation of Matter

Back 1

matter is neither created or destroyed in a chemical reaction

Front 2

condensation

Back 2

the change of a substance from a gas to a liquid, which usually takes place when a gas is cooled to or below it’s boiling point

Front 3

sublimation

Back 3

the process in which a solid changes directly to a vapor without forming a liquid

Front 4

evaporation

Back 4

a liquid changes to a gas gradually at temperatures below the boiling point

Front 5

nuclear waste

Back 5

radioactive by-products that result when radioactive materials are used

Front 6

nuclear reactor

Back 6

uses the energy from a controlled fission chain reaction to generate electricity

Front 7

nuclear fission

Back 7

– splitting a nucleus into two smaller masses

Front 8

nuclear fusion

Back 8

– two nuclei combining into a larger nucleus

Front 9

chain reaction

Back 9

– an ongoing series of fission reactions

Front 10

half-life

Back 10

– the average time it takes for half the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay

Front 11

strong force

Back 11

– holds the protons in the nucleus

Front 12

weak force

Back 12

– causes radiation in the atom

Front 13

radioactivity

Back 13

– emission of high-energy particles or radiation from an unstable nucleus

Front 14

substance

Back 14

– either an element or compound which cannot be reduced to basic components by physical processes

Front 15

homogeneous mixture

Back 15

– mixture in which two or more substances are uniformly spread out

Front 16

heterogeneous mixture

Back 16

– mixture in which different materials can easily be identified

Front 17

solution

Back 17

– another name for a homogeneous mixture with particles so small they will never settle

Front 18

mixture

Back 18

– two or more substances that can be separated by physical means

Front 19

suspension settle

Back 19

– heterogeneous mixture in which particles

Front 20

colloid

Back 20

– a heterogeneous mixture which never settles

Front 21

strong force

Back 21

– holds the protons in the nucleus

Front 22

weak force

Back 22

– causes radiation in the atom

Front 23

radioactivity

Back 23

– emission of high-energy particles or radiation from an unstable nucleus

Front 24

substance

Back 24

– either an element or compound which cannot be reduced to basic components by physical processes

Front 25

homogeneous mixture

Back 25

– mixture in which two or more substances are uniformly spread out

Front 26

heterogeneous mixture

Back 26

– mixture in which different materials can easily be identified

Front 27

solution

Back 27

– another name for a homogeneous mixture with particles so small they will never settle

Front 28

mixture

Back 28

– two or more substances that can be separated by physical means

Front 29

suspension settle

Back 29

– heterogeneous mixture in which particles

Front 30

colloid

Back 30

– a heterogeneous mixture which never settles

Front 31

solubility

Back 31

– the amount of a substance that will dissolve in a solute

Front 32

hydrate

Back 32

– crystalline substance that contains water

Front 33

physical change

Back 33

– a change in size, shape, or state of matter

Front 34

physical property

Back 34

– any such characteristic of a material that you can observe withoutchanging the substances that make up the matter

Front 35

shape

Back 35

– the form or contour of an object

Front 36

chemical property

Back 36

– characteristic of a substance that indicates whether it can undergo a chemical change

Front 37

chemical change

Back 37

– change of one substance to another substance

Front 38

odor

Back 38

– a smell, typically a chemical property, but sometime is chemical.

Front 39

combustibility

Back 39

– ability of a substance to catch fires and burns easily

Front 40

corrosive

Back 40

– a substance that burns away skin or other matter

Front 41

toxic

Back 41

a poisonous compound

Front 42

crystal

Back 42

repeating geometric pattern of a solid and are linked together.

Hint 42

Most solids have a crystal form.

Front 43

polymer

Back 43

hugh molecule made of many smaller organic molecules that have formed bonds

Front 44

monomer

Back 44

small molecules that make up polymers

Front 45

hydrocarbon

Back 45

a compound made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

Front 46

unsaturated hydrocarbon

Back 46

a hydrocarbon containing at least one double or triple bonds between carbons

Front 47

saturated hydrocarbon

Back 47

a hydrocarbon containing only single bonds

Front 48

inorganic compound

Back 48

non carbon compounds

Hint 48

most compounds that are not classified as an organic compound

Front 49

organic compound

Back 49

most compounds that contain the element carbon

Front 50

lipids

Back 50

a fat, oil, or related compound

Front 51

nucleic acids

Back 51

polymers that control the activities and reproduction of cells

Hint 51

DNA is a nucleic acid

Front 52

protein

Back 52

polymers formed from amino acids

Front 53

element

Back 53

all atoms of the matter have the same identity

Front 54

atom

Back 54

units that make up all matter; the smallest part of an element that still has the characteristics of that element

Hint 54

Consisting of protons, neutrons and electrons.

Front 55

ion

Back 55

a positively or negatively charged atom

Hint 55

A positive hydrogen ion is simply a single free proton

Front 56

subatomic particle

Back 56

particle which is smaller than the atom

Hint 56

protons, neutrons, electrons and quarks

Front 57

proton

Back 57

particle in the nucleus, positive charge, and 1 amu

Hint 57

mass equal to a neutron

Front 58

neutron

Back 58

particle in the nucleus, no charge, and 1 amu

Hint 58

mass equal to a proton

Front 59

nucleus

Back 59

center of an atom, contains proton & neutrons

Hint 59

is positively charged because it contains only positive and neutral particles

Front 60

electron

Back 60

negatively charged particle in the electron cloud

Hint 60

surrounds the nucleus in orbits called "enegy levels" and is responsible for chemical bonding

Front 61

electron cloud

Back 61

The area around the nucleus where electrons area found

Front 62

quark

Back 62

subatomic particle which makes up protons and neutrons

Hint 62

There are six kinds of quarks, the 6th is called the "Top Quark"

Front 63

atomic number

Back 63

number of protons in the nucleus

Hint 63

Also tells the number of electrons in atom that has not ionized. (lost or gained an electron during ionic bonding)

Front 64

mass number

Back 64

sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom

Front 65

amu

Back 65

atomic mass unit

Hint 65

equal to 1/12 the mass of Carbon 12; the unit used to mass of atoms

Front 66

periodic table

Back 66

– an arrangement of the known elements bases on their atomic number

Front 67

chemical symbol

Back 67

– an abbreviated way to write an element’s name

Front 68

period

Back 68

– a horizontal row on the periodic table

Front 69

average atomic mass –

Back 69

average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes

Front 70

group

Back 70

a column of elements on the periodic table that have similar chemical properties

Hint 70

Also called "families" the group # indicates the number of electrons exchanges in the chemical bonding process.

Front 71

metal

Back 71

solids at room temperature, good conductors of heat & electricity, & shinny

Hint 71

Found to the left of the stair step line and in groups 1 - 12 on the periodic table of elements

Front 72

metalloid

Back 72

have properties of both metals & nonmetals

Hint 72

Found along the stair step line on the periodic table

Front 73

nonmetal

Back 73

most are gases at room temperature, dull, & poor conductors of heat & electricity

Hint 73

Found to the right of the stair step line; in groups 14-18; Group 18 is the only all nonmetal family.

Front 74

chemically stable

Back 74

outer energy level is filled with electrons

Hint 74

8 electrons in the outer energy level is considered "filled" in all atoms except H and He, they are filled with only 2.

Front 75

oxidation number

Back 75

shows an element’s combining ability
Noble Gases don't make compounds so their oxidation # is zero (0).

Hint 75

Group 1 = 1+
Group 2 = 2+
Group 13 = 3+
Group 14 = 4+/-
Group 15 = 3-
Group 16 = 2-
Group 17 = 1-
Group 18 = 0

Front 76

energy level

Back 76

arrangement of electrons in the cloud (orbits)

Front 77

compound

Back 77

made from atoms of two or more elements that are chemically combined

Front 78

chemical bond

Back 78

force that holds together the atoms in a compound

Front 79

covalent bond

Back 79

chemical bond formed from shared electrons

Front 80

ionic bond

Back 80

a chemical bond between oppositely charged ions

Front 81

chemical equation reaction

Back 81

has the same number of atoms on both sides and explains what happens in a chemical

Front 82

chemical formula

Back 82

tells which elements are in a compound and their ratios

Front 83

reactivity

Back 83

ability to combine with another substance

Front 84

reactant

Back 84

substance present at the beginning of a chemical reaction

Front 85

product

Back 85

substances present at the end of a chemical reaction

Front 86

coefficient

Back 86

a number placed in front of a chemical formula or symbol to represent the number of units of the substance

Front 87

binary compound

Back 87

a compound composed of two elements

Front 88

nonpolar molecule

Back 88

a molecule that does not have oppositely charged ends

Front 89

polar molecule

Back 89

a molecule with opposite charges on each end

Front 90

chemical reaction

Back 90

an interaction between substances in which their atoms are rearranged to form new substances

Front 91

synthesis reaction

Back 91

reaction where two or more substances combine to form more complex

Front 92

decomposition reaction

Back 92

when one substance breaks down into simpler substances

Front 93

single displacement reaction

Back 93

a reaction where an element replaces another in a compound

Front 94

double displacement reaction

Back 94

two ionic compounds react to form a precipitate, water, or a gas

Front 95

precipitate

Back 95

a insoluble solid that separates from a solution during a chemical reaction

Front 96

inhibitor

Back 96

a substance that prevents a chemical reaction

Front 97

catalyst

Back 97

a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction but is itself left unchanged

Front 98

endothermic reaction

Back 98

chemical reaction which takes in heat energy

Front 99

exothermic reaction

Back 99

reaction where heat energy is given off

Front 100

isotope

Back 100

atoms of an element with a different number of neutrons

Front 101

acid

Back 101

substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution (H+) and has pH less than 7

Front 102

base

Back 102

substance that produces hydroxide ions oh -in solution or any solution that has a pH greater than 7

Front 103

salt

Back 103

compound formed when an acid combines with a base in a neutralization reaction

Front 104

hydronium ion

Back 104

a hydrogen ion bonded to a water molecule

Front 105

hydroxide ion

Back 105

HO-forms when a base dissociates in a solution

Front 106

weak acid

Back 106

acid that partly ionizes in solution

Front 107

weak base

Back 107

base that partly dissociates in solution

Front 108

pH

Back 108

a measure of the number of hydronium ions in a solution

Front 109

neutral

Back 109

substance that dissolves in a solution and has a pH of 7

Front 110

neutralization

Back 110

a reaction between an acid and a base

Front 111

indicator

Back 111

an organic compound that changes color in an acid or a base

Hint 111

Cabbage juice is a great natural inducator

Front 112

polyatomic ion

Back 112

a charged group of atoms

Front 113

strong acid

Back 113

acid that ionizes completely in solution

Front 114

strong base

Back 114

base that completely dissociates in solution

Front 115

titration

Back 115

a process in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution

Front 116

vaporization

Back 116

change from a liquid to a gas substance

Front 117

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Back 117

all matter is made up of tiny particles in constant motion

Front 118

liquid

Back 118

substance with a definite volume and mass, but no definite shape

Front 119

matter

Back 119

has both mass and volume

Front 120

solid

Back 120

definite shape and definite volume

Front 121

melting point

Back 121

the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid phase to a liquid

Front 122

plasma

Back 122

gas like mixture of positively and negatively charged particles

Front 123

fluids

Back 123

any liquid or gas

Front 124

gas

Back 124

substance that fills space available, no definite volume or shape

Front 125

states of matter

Back 125

solid, liquid, gas, and plasma

Front 126

phase change

Back 126

physical change of matter from the solid phase to the liquid phase caused by a change in heat energy (added or removed), there is no change in temperature