Basic Anatomy And Histology Of Msk

Front 1

What is the definition of a joint and what different classifications of joints?

Back 1

A joint is where to or more bones make contact.
o It can be classified based on either structure or function.
 Functionally there are 3 types:
• Synarthrosis – permits little or no mobility. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous joints (e.g. the skull)
• Amphiarthrosis – permits slight mobility. Most amphiarthrosis joints are cartilaginous joints (e.g. vertebrae)
• Diarthrosis – permits a variety of movement. All diarthrosis joints are synovial joints (e.g. shoulder, knee, elbow, hip, etc.). These joints can be further broken into:
o Hinge
o Saddle
o Ball and socket

Front 2

What structures support synovial joints? What does it mean by static or dynamic stabilizers a joint?

Back 2

Muscle, tendon and ligaments all support synovial joints.
o Static stabilizers – help maintain congruity (ligament)
o Dynamic stabilizers – require an intact neuromuscular system to function (muscle, tendon)

Front 3

What is a tendon? And what is its connection to the bone called?

Back 3

Tendon => a fibrous band that attaches muscle to bone. Its connection to the bone is called enthesis.

Front 4

What are the components of synovial joint?

Back 4

Components of synovial joint:
o Hyaline articular cartilage lining the surface of the bones
o Synovium membrane, with synovium fluid – the innermost layer
o Capsule
o Tendon
o Bursa

Front 5

Name 3 types of cartilage.

Back 5

3 types of cartilage:
o Hyaline articular cartilage
o Fibrocartilage
o Elastic cartilage

Front 6

What is the composition of articular cartilage? Is there any blood supply or nerve innervations?

Back 6

Composition of articular cartilage = water (80%) + proteoglycan + collagen type II
o There is no blood supply or nerve innervations to articular cartilage.

Front 7

What is the principle type of collagen in the bone?

Back 7

Collagen Type 1 is the principle collagen type in bone.

Front 8

What is the principle type of collagen in the intervertberal disc (IVD)?

Back 8

Collagen type II

Front 9

What is the meniscus and what part of it has a vascular supply?

Back 9

• The meniscus is a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure present in the knee, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints. In the knee, the peripheral 25% has a vascular supply.

Front 10

What are the 2 receptors in muscle? What do they detect?

Back 10

The 2 receptors in muscle:
o Muscle spindle, detect muscle stretch
o Golgi tendon organ, detect muscle contraction
- Located at the musculotendunous junction.

Front 11

Name 4 functions of the cartilage.

Back 11

1. Provide semi-rigid structural support
2. Support soft tissues (e.g. ear, nose, epiglottis, trachea)
3. Shock absorptions (joints)
4. Help in development, growth and healing of bone.

Front 12

What is the different between cartilage with any other types of connective tissue? What is the name of the tissue that surrounds cartilage?

Back 12

Cartilage does not contain any vessels or nerves. Perichondrium.

Front 13

Cartilage, as a connective tissue, consists of cells + extracellular matrix.
o What are the 2 types of cells you can find in cartilage?
o What consist the extracellular matrix?

Back 13

2 types of cells in cartilage:
1. Chondrocyte – mature cells
2. Chondroblasts – precursors cells

ECM = fibres (collagen & elastic fibres) + ground substance (sulphated proteoglycans & hyaluronic acid) + water (75%)

Front 14

Describe the process of formation of cartilage.

Back 14

Formation of cartilage:
- Week 5 of gestation
- Precursor cells become rounded -> forms densely packed cellular masses; centers of chondrofication -> chondroblasts start secreting ECM -> chondroblast become more separated as ECM increases -> lacunae forms (small isolated cavities of chondroblasts) -> chondroblasts differentiate into chondrocytes.

Front 15

What are the 2 mechanisms of cartilage growths? Describe. Which one occurs in both mature and immature cartilage?

Back 15

1. Interstitial growth -> the process that forms new cartilage within the cartilage mass
- Chondroblasts within existing cartilage divide and form small group of cells (isogenous group) which produce matrix to become separated from each other by a thin partition of matrix.
- Occurs in immature cartilage.
2. Appositional growth -> the process that forms new cartilage at the surface of preexisting cartilage
- Differentiation of mesenchymal cells surrounding cartilage in the deep part of the perichondrium into chondroblasts.
- Both in immature and mature cartilage.

Front 16

What are the 3 types of cartilage? Examples of where they can be found. Main ECM components? Special example.

Back 16

1. Hyaline cartilage (glassy blue)
Location: larynx, tracheal rings, nasal septum
ECM: type II collagen + ground substance
Articular cartilage is a special example of hyaline cartilage. It is partly vascularised and not surrounded by perichondrium.
2. Fibrocartilage (White)
Location: IVD, labrum, pubic symphysis.
ECM: collagen + sulphated GS
3. Elastic cartilage
Location: External ear, epiglottis
ECM: elastic + collagen GS: sulphated GAGs.

Front 17

What are the 4 zones of enthesis?

Back 17

1. tendon or ligament
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Mineralised fibrocartilage
4. Bone

Front 18

What are the compositions of synovial fluid?

Back 18

1. Ultrafiltrate of blood
2. Hyaluronic acid (produced by synovium membrane)

Front 19

What is a paratenon? What are the composition of a paratenon? What is the function?

Back 19

Paratenon - loose, areolar connective tissue around tendons.

Compositions:
- Collagen type 1 and 3
- elastic fibrils
- Synmovial cells

Function: permits free movement of the tendon against surrounding structures.

Front 20

What are the 2 types of bones? Sub types?

Back 20

1. Woven - immature bone
2. Lamellae
a) Compact or cortical bone
b) Cancellous or trabecular bone

Front 21

Label bone diagram.

Back 21

.

Front 22

Label bone histology.

Back 22

.