Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, Auditory And Vestibular System

Front 1

Name the 6 nuclei of the basal ganglia.

Back 1

1. Caudate nucleus
2. Putamen.
3. Globus pallidus
4. Subthalamic nucleus
5. Substantia nigra
6. Pedunculopontine nuclei (brainstem)

Neostriatum = caudate + putamen

Front 2

Name the 3 motor cortex (Brodman's area) and their functions.

Back 2

1. Area 4
- Primary motor cortex (M1)
- Role: execute movements under direction of area 6 and basal ganglia.

2. Area 6 (M2)
2 parts: SMA (secondary motor area) & PMA (premotor area)
- Role: control skilled voluntary movements + design movement.

3. Area 5 & 7
Role: spatial organisation / orientation.

Front 3

What are the results of lesion to the lesions:
- Area 4 / M1
- Area 6 (M2) + basal ganglia

Back 3

Area 4
- paralysis and loss of voluntary movement

Area 6 + basal ganglia
- abnormal movement < stiffness and balisms

Front 4

There are 2 circuits that control muscle groups: direct and indirect. Describe the pathway and effect of:

Direct pathway

Back 4

Overall effect: increase in muscle activity.

Front 5

There are 2 circuits that control muscle groups: direct and indirect. Describe the pathway and effect of:

Indirect pathway

Back 5

Overall effect: Suppression of muscle activity; both global and skilled.

Front 6

What are the effects of dopamine released by substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc).

Back 6

Dopamine, acts on 2 receptors:
- D1r - excite the direct pathway
- D2r - inhibit the indirect pathway

Front 7

What happens to the dopamine level in the Parkinson disease? What are the consequences?

Back 7

Parkinson - SN underactivity - loss of DA
Consequences:
- Direct pathway underactive = suppress
- Indirect pathway underactive = suppress

=> over suppression.

Front 8

What are the 3 major functions of cerebellum?

Back 8

- Maintains synergy of movement
- Maintains upright posture
- Monitors and maintains muscle tone

Front 9

What are the 4 nuclei of the cerebellum?

Back 9

- Dentate
- Globus & embolliform
- Fastigial

Front 10

Describe the general pathway of information pathway through the cerebellum.

Back 10

Inputs to terminal cortex -> cerbellar cortex projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei -> deep nuclei outputs to thalamus and brainstem nuclei

Front 11

Label the cerebellar peduncles

Back 11

.

Front 12

What informations are carried by each of the cerebellar peduncles?

Back 12

1. Superior cerebellar peduncle - OUTPUT
Information:
Dentate n. > VL thalamus (+ red nucleus)
Globose/emboliform > red nucleus (+ VL)

2. Middle cerebellar peduncle - INPUT
Info:
Pontocerebellar fibres > cerebellar cortex

3. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle - IN/OUT
Input:
Dorsal spino-cerebellar fibres > cerebellar cortex (ant lobe)
Inferior olivary nucleus > cortex (ant and post lobes)
Output:
Fastigial N > vestibular nuclei

Front 13

What are the 3 functional subdivisions of the cerebellum?
(cortex, nucleus, function, lesion)

Back 13

1. Vestibulo-cerebellum
Flocculonodular lobe, fastigial nucleus.
Function: influence vestibular activity (balance & equilibrium - head & eye movement)
Lesion: ataxic stance, nystagmus

2. Spino-cerebellum
Anterior lobe, vermis, paravermis
Globose and emboliform
Function: adjust spinal activity - coordinates walking.
Lesion: ataxic gait, clumsy movement.

3. Cerebro-cerebellum
Posterior lobe, dentate n.
Function: movement planning, fine motor action, muscle tone.
Lesion: hypotonia and intention error, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia.

Front 14

Label the vestibular system.

Back 14

.

Front 15

What is the dominant electrolyte in the:
- Endolymph
- Perilymph

Back 15

Endolymph - K+
Perilymph - Na+

Front 16

What are the 2 phases of nystagmus? What are the drives for each phase?

Back 16

1. Slow phase - vestibular system
2. Fast phase - brainstem

Front 17

Caloric nystagmus.

Describe what happens with cold water irrigation? Warm water irrigation?

Back 17

COWS

Cold water -Opposite side
Warm water - Same side