Basal Ganglia

Front 1

What is the clinical significance of basal ganglia disorders?

Back 1

They affect all of the parallel loops (motor, orbitofrontal, prefrontal and limbic)

Front 2

purposeless, involuntary extrapyramidal movement

Back 2

Dyskinesia

Front 3

slowed movements

Back 3

Bradykinesia

Front 4

What type of moves are typified by Parkinson disease?

Back 4

Hypokinetic

Front 5

What type of movemements are typified by Huntington disease?

Back 5

Hyperkinetic

Front 6

Characterized by random, quick, jerky movements involving the proximal and distal extremities, face, tongue or head' fidgets

Back 6

Chorea

Front 7

slow, sinuous, aimless movements of the extremities (distal portions); Muscles of face, neck, and tongue may be affected with grimacing, protrusion and writhing of the tongue, and difficulty in speaking and swallowing

Back 7

Athetosis

Front 8

a combination of choreiform and athetoid movements

Back 8

Choreoathetosis

Front 9

violent failing movements involving proximal more than distal parts of the limbs

Back 9

Ballismus

Front 10

abnormal sustained movement or posture due to a disturbance of muscle tone in agonists and antagonists

Back 10

Dystonia

Front 11

What type of tremor is typical of Parkinsonism?

Back 11

Resting

Front 12

What type of tremor is typical of a cerebellar tremor?

Back 12

Intention

Front 13

sudden, brief, intermittent, involuntary repetitive spasmodic movements that occur in an irregular fashion and resemble volitional movements or sounds

Back 13

Tics

Front 14

What are tics typical of?

Back 14

Tourette's syndrome

Front 15

(from the Gk, meaning unable to sit sill) refers to a feeling of inner restlessness, which is relieved by moving about

Back 15

Akathsia

Front 16

What part of the SN axons project to the striatum?

Back 16

SNc

Front 17

What part of the SN axons project to the thalamus?

Back 17

SNr

Front 18

Lenticular nucleus

Back 18

Globus pallidus and Putamen

Front 19

What produces the melanin?

Back 19

SNc

Front 20

SN adjacent to the tegmentum

Back 20

SNc

Front 21

SN adjacent to crus cerebri

Back 21

SNr

Front 22

What is the SNr morphologically similar to?

Back 22

GPi (Both send axons out to thalamus)

Front 23

Striatum

Back 23

Putamen and Caudate

Front 24

The essential point of how everything is controlled

Back 24

Striatum (Putamen and Caudate)

Front 25

Everything out of the striatum and pallidium is what? (inhib or excitatory?)

Back 25

Inhibitory

Front 26

Neurons coming out of the thalamus are inhib or exic?

Back 26

Excitatory

Front 27

Where are the CB of the cholinergic neuron found?

Back 27

Stiatum

Front 28

Through what nucleus does the indirect pathway travel?

Back 28

STN (Subthalamic nucleus)

Front 29

Where does dopamine come from?

Back 29

SNc (Go to striatum)

Front 30

What makes up the striatum?

Back 30

Caudate, Putamen and Nucleus Accumbens

Front 31

Where does dopamine synthesis occur and where are their CB?

Back 31

Nerve endings of dopaminergic neurons whose CD are in the SNc

Front 32

What contains over 80% of the brain's dopamine?

Back 32

Striatum

Front 33

What type of receptors are D1?

Back 33

Excitatory (neurons become depolarized)

Front 34

Pharmaceutical agents (drugs) that increase dopaminergic activity or activate D1 receptors produce what?

Back 34

hyperkinesia

Front 35

What type of receptors are D2?

Back 35

Inhibitory (neurons become hyperpolarized)

Front 36

Pharmaceutical agents that produce D2 blockade (prevent hyperpolarization of the striatal cells) may induce what?

Back 36

parkinsonism

Front 37

What is the direct loop?

Back 37

Excitatory

Front 38

What is the indirect loop?

Back 38

Inhibitory

Front 39

What does the indirect loop involve?

Back 39

Subthalamic nucleus and GPe

Front 40

What is the hyperdirect loop effect?

Back 40

Inhibitory

Front 41

What does the hyperdirect loop involve?

Back 41

STN

Front 42

What improves mobility in parkinsonian patients?

Back 42

Anitcholinergic agents

Front 43

What produces Ach?

Back 43

Basal nucleus of Maynard (helps with memory as well)

Front 44

Where do the anticholinergic agents act?

Back 44

Blocks the receptors in the striatum (inhibits and inhibitory neuron = excitation)

Front 45

What does dopamine act on to excite a pathway?

Back 45

D1 receptor = excites an excitatory pathway = more excitement (Excites direct)

Front 46

What receptor does dopamine inhibit?

Back 46

D2 (inhibits indirect)

Front 47

If you loose dopamine, you loose what?

Back 47

Motor activity

Front 48

What type of movements will you get with a dopamine excess?

Back 48

Hyperkinetic

Front 49

What supplies blood to the basal ganglia?

Back 49

Central branches of the middle cerebral artery and branches of the posterior cerebral and communicating