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205 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 major functions of the Lymphatic System?
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1. Fluid Recovery
2. Immunity 3. Lipid Absorption |
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What are the 4 main components of the lymphatic system?
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1. Lymph
2. Lymphatic Vessels 3. Lymphatic Tissue 4. Lymphatic Organs |
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What 6 types of cells are found in Lymphatic Tissue?
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1. NK Cells (Natural Killer)
2. T-Lymphocytes 3. B-Lymphocytes 4. Macrophages 5. Dendritic Cells 6. Reticular Cells |
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During Fluid Recovery, Fluid exits the ________ and enters the _______ to form _______?
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1. blood
2. tissue 3. tissue fluid |
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During Fluid Recovery, what percentage of fluid is reabsorbed back into the blood stream?
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85%
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During Fluid Recovery, what percentage of fluid enters the lymphatic vessels?
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15%
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What happens to the fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels?
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it is filtered and returned to the blood stream
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During Immunity, what is filtered by the lymphatic system?
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1. Foreign cells
2. chemicals |
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During Immunity, what is initiated once Foreign cells and chemicals are removed from circulation?
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Immune Response
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The Immunity function of the Lymphatic System is to do?
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Surveillance and elimination
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During Lipid Absorption, what type of substances enter the Lymphatic System?
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Hydrophobic
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During Lipid Absorption, where do hydrophobic substances enter the lymphatic system?
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Through Lacteals via the intestine
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a clear fluid within lymphatic vessels?
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Lymph
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What is the function of Lymphatic Vessels?
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to transport Lymph
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this is aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages
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Lymphatic Tissues
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a concentrated group of cells, often lymphocyte producers
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Lymphatic Organs
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What color is Lymph?
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clear/colorless
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what is Lymph similar to?
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plasma but there are fewer numbers of proteins
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Are all lymph made of the same components? Why?
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No! They change at different body locations
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Name two very different lymph
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Axillary Lymph (arm pit) and Lacteal Lymph(intestines)
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what are the smallest Lymphatic Vessels?
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lymphatic capillaries
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Where are Lymphatic capillaries NOT present?
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1. CNS
2. Cartilage 3. Bones 4. Bone Marrow 5. Corneas |
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1 end of lymphatic capillaries are _____?
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CLOSED
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what type of cells line the lymphatic capillaries?
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endothelial cells
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The endothelial cells lining the lymphatic capillaries are arranged like?
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Shingles! They overlap each other
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The overlapping of endothelial cells in the lining of the Lymphatic Capillaries creates what 2 things?
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1. Larger gaps b/t cells
2. A valve-like arrangement |
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Overlapping endothelial cells in the lining of the lymphatic capillaries prevent?
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backflow of fluid
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The arrangement of endothelial cells lining the lymphatic capillaries is similar to what other type of vessels?
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blood carrying veins
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Why is there no force to push lymph in the lymphatic vessels?
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because there is no pump
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what anchors lymphatic vessels to surrounding tissue?
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Protein filaments
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Larger lymphatic vessels have the same three layers as?
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blood vessels
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what is present in larger lymphatic vessels that contracts to push lymph?
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smooth muscle
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What is the pathway of Lymph? (5)
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1. lymphatic capillaries
2. collecting vessels 3. lymphatic trunks 4. major collecting vessels 5. subclavian veins |
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What 3 things assist in moving lymph?
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1. force of blood from nearby arteries
2. nearby skeletal muscle contraction 3. pressure changes in the body cavity |
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Lymphatic tissue can be either _____ or _____?
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scattered or clustered
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what cells found in lymphatic tissue are large lymphocytes that attack bacteria, foreign cells, host cells and cancer cells and are responsible for surveillance?
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NK Cells (Natural Killer)
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These cells roam around the body making sure that all present cells belong to the owner.
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NK Cells
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Our cells are "Tagged" by ____, that act as labels?
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surface proteins
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NK cells can still recognize these even though the set up a factory in our own cells and use our DNA
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Viruses
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these cells have an altered metabolism with a high rate of reproduction and unusual products
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cancer cells
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these cells mature in the Thymus and are depend upon hormones produced there
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T-Lymphocytes
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these cells mature in bone marrow, differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies for specific immune responses.
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B-Lymphocytes
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These are very large, phagocytic cells that are commonly present in connective tissue
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Macrophages
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What is the function of a Macrophage?
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to gobble up debris, dead tissue, bacteria, foreign materials and dead cells.
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is a Macrophage a Specific or Non-Specific response?
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BOTH
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Macrophages are also thought of as?
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Head Hunters!
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After a macrophages gobble up bad guys, what do they do with them?
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display them on their surface to say "Look what I ate!"
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A macrophage that is displaying whatever it ate on it's surface is called a?
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Antigen Presenting Cell
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These are branched, mobile cells found in epidermis, mucous membranes and lymphatic organs
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Dendritic Cells
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What is the job of a Dendritic cell?
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to alert the immune system of break-ins near the body surface.
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What two Lymphatic cells are antigen presenting cells?
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Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
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These cells appear similar to reticular fibers, are very branched and create a network of passageways
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Reticular Cells
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Where are reticular cells commonly found?
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Lymphoid organs like the spleen and lymph nodes
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environmental agents that produce disease, are infectious agents, toxic chemicals and radiation
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pathogens
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What are the 3 lines of defense against pathogens?
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1. External Barriers
2. Non-Specific Defenses 3. Specific Defenses |
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What are examples of External barriers?
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Skin and mucous membranes
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What do External barriers do?
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prevent penetration into the body
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This line of defense is a mechanism against ANY type of pathogen
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Non-Specific Defense
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This line of defense works to fight a particular pathogen and includes a memory to fight the same intruder in the future
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Specific Defense
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What are the 6 types of Non-Specific Defenses?
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1. External barriers
2. Leukocytes & Macrophages 3. Antimicrobial Proteins 4. Immune Surveillance 5. Inflammation 6. Fever |
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The surface of the skin is made to?
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inhibit the growth of pathogens
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this is found in the outer layers of the skins cells and creates a tough, string protein element that is difficult to penetrate
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Feratin
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What are two Non-Specific Defenses that fall under External barriers?
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Sweat and Defensins
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why does sweat inhibit bacterial growth?
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because it is acidic. A low pH inhibits bacterial growth
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the layer of sweat on the skin creates an?
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Acid Mantle
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how do the face and scalp prevent bacterial growth?
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by secreting oil
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a peptide that kills microbes
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Defensins
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Where are Defensins typically found?
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at vulnerable areas such as the openings/exits to the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems
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What are some Defensins that trap pathogens?
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1. Mucous
2. Saliva 3. Cilia |
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enzymes found in some secretions that break down bacterial walls
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lysozymes
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a molasses/gel-like substance found in the dermis and loose connective tissue that microbes get trapped in
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Hyaluronic Acid
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when pathogens enter the body they are attacked by?
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phagocytes
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These are the first type of phagocytes on the scene of any kind of invasion. They ingest and digest bacteria
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Neutrophils
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What kind of life do Neutrophils have?
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Finite (It ends)
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What happens when Neutrophils detect bacteria?
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lysosomes rise to the surface and release strong enzymes that cause a Respiratory Burst
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During a Respiratory Burst, Neutrophils produce and release what?
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Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
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During a Respiratory Burst, Hydrogen Peroxide release by the Nuetrophil combines with _____ to produce ____?
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enzymes- Hypochlorite (HCLO)
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During Respiratory Burst, the Nuetrophil takes in Oxygen to produce a ?
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Superoxide
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what is a Superoxide?
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three very strong chemicals released in the surrounding area of the neutrophil
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what is a killing zone?
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a toxic region around a neutrophil
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By Creating a Killing Zone, a Neutrophil is able to do what?
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destroy a larger number of bacteria than it could phagocytize.
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What are sacraficed during a respiratory burst?
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some human cells
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List the Leukocytes and Macrophages that are part of Non-Specific Defenses
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1. Neutrophils
2. Esinophils 3. Basophils 4. Lymphocytes 5. Manocytes |
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Where are Esinophils prevalent?
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mucous membranes
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Esinophils are most effective against?
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parasites and allergens
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Esinophils become concentrated at the site of?
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1. Allergic Reactions
2. Inflammation 3. Parasitic Infection |
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What are the 4 functions of Esinophils?
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1. Kill parasites
2. promote basophil and mast cell action 3. Phagocytize and degrade pathogens 4. Secrete activity limiting enzymes |
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How do Esinophils kill parasites like tapeworms and roundworms?
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by producing toxic chemicals
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What is the main job of Basophils?
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to Secrete chemicals
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How do Basophils aid in the mobility of action of other leukocytes?
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by secreting Histamine and Heparin
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This is a vasodialator secreted by Basophils that increases blood flow to an infected area.
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Histamine
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Histamine brings in more phagocytes to?
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fight by bringing heat, more fluid and swelling
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This is an anticoagulant secreted by Basophils that inhibits the formation of blood clots
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Heparin
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How do Esinophils promote Basophil action?
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by stimulating secretions
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Which system do Lymphocytes have most of their role?
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Specific Immune System
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What are the three types of Lymphocytes?
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1. NK (Natural Killer)
2. T-Lymphocytes 3. B-Lymphocytes |
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What percentage of T-Lymphocytes are in circulation?
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80%
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What percentage of B- Lymphocytes are in circulation?
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15%
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What percentage of NK cells are in circulation?
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5%
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What type of cells spend their time wandering around connective tissue, seeking pathogens as FREE macrophages?
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Monocytes
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A group of proteins that work together to inhibit the reproduction of microbes?
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Anti-microbial Proteins
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these require another cells DNA to reproduce
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Viruses
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What are the two types of Antimicrobial Proteins?
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Interferons and Compliment
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These alert neighboring cells of invasion, bind to neighboring cells, coat them to prevent invasion and alert NK and macrophages to kill the host cell. Also common to cancerous cells
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Interferons
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How many types of globulins make up the Compliment System?
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30+
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Compliment works in?
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both types of non-specific defenses
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Where are Compliment synthesized?
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in the liver
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WHere are compliment always present in an active state?
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plasma
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What activates compliment?
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presence of a pathogen
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What is compliment similar to?
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blood clotting mechanism
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what are the 3 routes of activation of the Compliment System?
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1. Classic Pathway
2. Alternative Pathway 3. Lectin Pathway |
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any substance which elicits an immune response
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Antigen
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what is present most of the time on the surface of cells?
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Anitgens
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What do pathogens contain that elicit a response?
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Foreign Antigens
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What produces an antibody to join with a foreign antigen during the classic pathway?
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B-cells/B-Lymphocytes
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during the classic pathway, an antigen joined with an antibody is called?
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Antigen Antibody Complex
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What attracts complement to bind to it and begin a chemical cascade?
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Antigen Antibody Complex
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What does the Antobody act as when joined to a foreign antigen?
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Acts as a neon sign that says "Foreigner Here!"
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An Antigen joined to an Antibody joined to Compliments equals?
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Complement Fixation
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What causes the chemical activation of complement?
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Complement Fixation
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What type of defense is the Classic Pathway REALLY?
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Specific because it uses antibodies
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What pathway is C3 part of?
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Alternative Pathway
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What happens during an Alternative Pathway?
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C3 breaks into smaller fragments and binds directly to ANY pathogen which leads to a chemical cascade
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What are Lectins?
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plasma proteins that tend to bind to carbohydrates and the surface of pathogens causing a chemical cascade
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Activated Compliment destroys pathogens by what 4 methods?
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1. Inflammation
2. Immune Clearance 3. Phagocytosis 4. Cytolysis |
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What is the only direct method that complement uses to destroy pathogens?
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Cytolysis
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During Inflammation, what does compliment stimulate to release histamine and other inflammatory chemicals?
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Basophils and Mast Cells
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During Inflammation, what does Compliment activate and attract and why?
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Neutrophils and Macrophages beause they will eat pathogens
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During Immune Clearance, what does Complement cause Antigen Antibody Complexes to attach to?
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Red Blood Cells
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During Immune Clearance, what do the RBC's carrying pathogens go through that removes and destroys the pathogens, leaving the RBC's unharmed?
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liver and spleen
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What performs Phagocytosis?
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Neutrophils and Macrophages
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Complement promotes phagocytosis by a process called?
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Opsonization
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During Phagocytosis, this puts an outer coating on the pathogen making them easier to phagocytize
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Opsonization
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This is the splitting/breaking of cells
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Cytolysis
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During cytolysis, a groupd of compliment proteins form a ring called?
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a Membrane Attack Complex
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What does a MAC do during Cytolysis?
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attaches to the membrane of a pathogen and punches a hole causing the cell to rupture
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During Immune Surveillance, what cells continually patrol the body?
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NK cells
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During Immune Surveillance, what are NK cells looking for?
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pathogens and disease cells
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During Immune Surveillance, what do NK cells di?
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attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells and cancerous cells
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During Immune Surveillance, what does an NK cell do upon recognizing a target?
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binds to it and releases perforrins
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what do perforrins do?
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form a ring and punch a hole in the cell membrane of a pathogen
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What do NK cells produce that enter into the hole made and destroy cellular contents?
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granzymes
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This is a local defense response to any kind of tissue injury
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Inflammation
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What are the 3 purposes of inflammation?
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1. Limit spread of pathogens or toxins and destroys them
2. Assist in removal of debris & damaged tissue 3. Initiate tissue repair |
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What are the 4 signs/symptoms of imflammation?
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1. Redness
2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain |
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What class of chemicals contribute to Inflammation?
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Cytokines
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what are small proteins that are paracrine factors (local products)
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Cytokines
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What are the 3 major processes of Inflammation?
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1. Mobilization of the body's defenses
2. Containment and Destruction of pathogens 3. Tissue Clean up and repair |
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an increase in blood flow to an area is called?
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hyperemia
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these are cell adhesive molecules secreted by endothelial cells of the capillaries
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selectins
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a coating along the capillary walls formed by Leukocytes
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margination
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the pouring out into spaces
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diapedisis
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to mobilize the body's defenses during inflammation, damaged tissue secretes ____ which causes vasodialation in the immediate area?
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vasoactive chemicals
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What chemicals are included in the mobilization of the body's defenses during Inflammation?
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histamines, kinins, leukotrines
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during the mobilization of body defenses in Inflammation, what also secretes vasoactive chemicals which increase blood flow and move leukocytes to the area?
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Basophils and Mast Cells
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what allows larger substances to pass thru during inflammation?
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increased permeability of the capillaries by the widening between epithelial cells
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what makes the lining of capillary walls sticky so that Leukocytes stick?
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selectins
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what can pass thru the spaces between endothelial cells in the capillary walls?
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Leukocytes
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All cardinal signs of inflammation are due to?
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The mobilization of the body's defenses
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Redness caused by inflammation is due to?
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hyperemia, which is increased blood flow
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Swelling caused by inflammation is due to?
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increased permeability in the capillaries b/c more fluid exits the capillaries and enters the tissue
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Heat caused by inflammation is due to?
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Hyperemia increases blood flow and blood is core temperature
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Pain cause by inflammation is due to?
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the pressure of increased fluid (edema) signals pain receptors. Some bacterial toxins, prostaglandins and bradykinins signal pain receptors also
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During containment and destruction of pathogens, what is attracted to the area, enters the tissue and forms a clot on either side of the injury?
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Fibrinogen
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what is released into the center of the sticky mesh net during containment and destruction of pathogens in Inflammation
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Heparin
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what is present within the pocket of fluid created by the heparin released into the center of the net during containment of a pathogen?
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Phagocytes
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what is the most common phagocyte present during containment and destruction of a pathogen in inflammation?
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Nuetrophils
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Phagocytes accumulate within how lonf of an injury in an inflammed area?
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within an hour
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WHY are macrophages attracted to an inflamed area?
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because of bradykins and leukotreines
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What do Nuetrophils release that attract more macrophages?
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cytokins
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What other than macrophages are attracted to an area during the containment and destruction of pathogens via Inflammation?
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T-Lymphocytes (T-Cells)
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What do T-Lymphocytes secrete that promotes leukopoesis?
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colony stimulating Factor
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How long does it take for neutrophil counts to increase by 5 times within onset of inflammation?
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2-3 hours
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How long does it take from onset of inflammation for tissue cleanup and repair to begin?
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8-12 hours
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8-12 hours after an injury, monocytes exit the capillary and enter the tissue to become?
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macrohpages
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at what point during inflammation are there a lot of dead neutrophils?
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during tissue and cleanup and repair
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what opens up lymphatic capillaries during tissue cleanup and repair?
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edema
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dead neutrophils, macrophages, tissue debris and tissue fluid form_____ during tissue cleanup and repair?
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pus
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during tissue cleanup and repair, endothelial cells and platelets produce?
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platelet derived growth factor
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what stimulates fibroblast cells to secrete collagen during tissue cleanup and repair?
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platelet derived growth factor
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what promotes healing during tissue cleanup and repair?
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heat and blood flow in the area of injury
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what acts as a scaffold for new tissue formation during tissue cleanup and repair?
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Fibrin clot
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abnormal elevation of body temperature
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pyrexia
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what does a Fever indicate?
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pathogen invasion, trauma, drug reactions or CNS problems
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What is body temperature controlled by?
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hypothalmus
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Fever is technically what kind of defense system?
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adaptable
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Fever is the body's attempt at what?
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to rid itself of a problem/pathogen
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what do most people tend to take for a fever?
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antipyrexic
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what are three examples of an antipyrexic?
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acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen
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What are the 3 benefits of a fever?
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1. promotes interferon activity
2. elevates metabolism & accelerates tissue repair 3. Inhibits the reproduction of viruses & bacteria |
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Neutrophils and macrophages while phagocytizing bacteria secrete a pyrogen called?
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Interleukin-L
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a fever promoting chemical that travels to the hypothalmus and promotes the production of prostaglandins that raise the thermostat/set point are called?
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pyrogens
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what are the two reason that the Specific Immune system is unique from the Non-specific immune system?
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1. Specificity
2. Memory |
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Immunity is directed at a specific pathogen
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Specificity
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the body remembers previous pathogen encounters and reacts more quickly when re-exposed
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Memory
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What are the 2 types of Specific Immune Systems?
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1. Humoral Immunity
2. Cell-mediated Immunity |
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Fluids of the body
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Humors
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these are a type of plasma proteins used in Humoral Immunity
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antibodies
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Antibodies are produced to fit specifically with?
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a particular pathogen such as bactgeria, viruses or parasites
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antibodies serve as a neon sign that says?
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Intruder here!
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this is when we use lymphocytes to directly attack antigens, host cells and cancerous cells
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Cell-mediated Immunity
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what do lymphocytes do during Cell-mediated Immunity?
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lyse Antigens and other cells or destroy them with chemicals
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What are the 5 classes of antibodies with unique properties?
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1. IgA
2. IgD 3. IgE 4. IgG 5. IgM |
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this unique antibody is found in plasma, mucous, saliva, tears, milk and intestinal secretions, it prevents pathogens from adhering to epithelial and penetrating underlying tissue. It passes through the mothers milk to the infant.
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IgA
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This unique antibody is part of the B-Cell membrane, antigen receptor.
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IgD
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