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363 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most common sex for UTI
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Females, because they lack a postate, that secretes protective secretion against infections. As well as having a shorter urethra.
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Most common cause of uncomplicated UTI
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E.Coli
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Caused by anatomical obstructions or from catheterization and hospitalization
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Complicated UTI
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Leukocyte Esterase
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released from inflammatory cells found in UTI dipstick tests
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Main treatments used for uncomplicated UTI's
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Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin, or ciprofloxacin.
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Gram Negative rod, lactose fermenter, oxidase negative, indole positive
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E.Coli
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Risky for women, catheterized patients, and neonates
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E.Coli
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Cystitis and pyelonephritis
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E.Coli
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Type 1 Fimbria (fimH) and P pilli (pyelonephritis associated pili, (PAP)
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Virulence factors and adhesion factors of E.Coli
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Hemolysin (HlyA)
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lyse RBC and cells that contribute to inflammation during E.Coli
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Lactose, Oxidase and Indole Postive
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E.Coli
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Ring part of tryptophan that is broken down
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Indole, by E.Coli
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Gram positive cocci, catalase positive, coagulase negative, non-hemolytic, non-mannitol fermenter, grow at 7.5NaCl.
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Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
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Causes urithritis in young sexually active women
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Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
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Non Mannitol Fermenter
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Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
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Non Novobiocin Sens.
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Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
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Novobiocin Sens.
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Staph. Epidermidis
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Gram positive cocci in chains/pairs, catalase negative, bacitracin and optochin resistant, grow in 6.5% NaCl and 40%bile
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Enterococcus faecalis
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Hospitalization, braod spectrum antibiotic treatment esp. with vancomycin; catherterizations.
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Enterococcus faecalis
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Resistant to Vancomycin
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Enterococcus faecalis
Klebsiella |
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Most common bacteria in the gut are
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Aerobic Bacteria
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Lancfield Group D postivie
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Enterococcus faecalis
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Gram negative rods, lactose fermenter, non-motile
Highly mucoid colonies because of large capsule |
Klebsiella
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Proteus species that are sensitive to penicillin
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P.mirabilis
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Proteus species that are not sensitive to penicillin
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P. Vulgaris
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Non lactose fermenter, urease +, flagella, swarming colonies
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Proteus spp.
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Urease Postive organisms
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Proteus spp.
H.Pylori Genital Mycoplasma |
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Cystitis
Nephrolithiasis Pyelonephritis |
Proteus spp.
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Nosocomial
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Proteus
E.Coli |
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Stone formation in Proteus
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Urea - NH3 + CO2, increase pH precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate
Bacteria hide inside the stones, and cause recurrence. |
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High pH, or smell of NH3
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Proteus spp.
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There are presence of casts in the urine due to mineralization
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Proteus spp.
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Papovaviridae, Naked ds DNA virus, Polyomavirus
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BK virus
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Respiratory Spread, found in the kidney as well
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BK virus
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Is reactivated with organ transplants and the person sheds the virus in the urine
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BK virus
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Urine sample and found in renal biopsy
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BK virus
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Hyrolyzes Esculin
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E.Fecalis
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Novobiocin Resistant
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Staph. Saprophyticus
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Produces urease
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Proteus
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Fever, rigors, back pain, and mild dysuria. non lactose fermenting swarming colonies
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Proteus spp.
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Complications are seen more in males and are asymptomatic for females
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UTI's
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Bacterial vaginosis
Vaginitis Urethritis/Cervicitis PID |
Vaginal and Urethral discharge
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Most prevelent STD in the US
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Chlamidya
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Vaginal discharge, irritation and itching, in 1/5 of women
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Vaginosis/vaginitis/vulvovaginitis
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Polymicrobial Infections involving primarily anaerobic bacteria
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Bacterial Vaginosis
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Disruption of the balance between the normal flora resulting in an overgrowth of certain bacteria
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Bacterial Vaginosis
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White gray/vaginal discharge with milk like consistency, unpleasant odor (gets stronger after having sex), minimal pre vaginal itching or irritation.
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Bacterial Vaginosis
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Diagnosing BV
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1. Thin homogeneous discharge
2. pH of vaginal discharge is higher than 4.5 3. Clue cells in saline wet mount or gram stain of vaginal discharge 4. Whiff test: Mixture of vaginal discharge and 10% KOH liberates an "amine like" or "fishy" odor. |
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Treatments of Anaorboic Bacteria
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Metronidazole and Clindamycin
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Yeast infection in the vagina
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Candida Albicans
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Disease due to overgrowth, physiological condition, pH increased, sugar, decreased normal flora
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Candida Albicans
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Thick, curd/cottage cheese like vaginal discharge
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Candida Albicans
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Vulvovaginal Cadidiasis
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Candida Albicans
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Pseudohyphae yeast
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Candida Albicans
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Flagellated protozoan, water, foul-smelling, greenish foam
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Trichomoniasis
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Fishy odor
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Bacterial Vaginosis
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Foul smelling
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Trichomoniasis
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Absent odor
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Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
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Thin, white (milky) gray.
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Bacterial Vaginosis
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Yellow, green, frothy
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Trichomoniasis
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White,curdy, "cottage cheese"
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Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
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Lactobacilli, epithelial cells
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Normal Vaginal Flor
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Clue Cells
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Vaginosis
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Endometritis, Salpingitis, tubo-ovarian, pelvic peritonitis
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PIDs
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May result in ectopic pregnancy, infertility
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PIDs
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Gram negative, diplococcus, bean shaped, oxidase and catalase positive, ferments glucose BUT NOT MALTOSE
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Neisseria gonorrheae
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People who are compliment C6-C9 are at risk of
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Neisseria gonorrheae
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Avoids immune attack by IgA proteases
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Neisseria gonorrheae
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Structure contains pilli, Rmp, Por, Opa, and LOS
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Neisseria gonorrheae
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LOS
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Similar to LPS but lack the O antigen
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Initial binding to epithelial cells and antiphagocytic
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Pilin
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Mediates firm adhesion to eukaryotic cells
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Opa
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Pormotes intracellular survival by preventing phagolysosome formation in neutrophils
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Por
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Elicits formation of ineffective antibodies that block bactericidal antibodies against pilin and LOS
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Rmp
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Elicits inflammatory response, triggers release of pro inflammatory cytokines
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LOS
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Antigenic switching within the same bacteria
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Neisseria gonorrheae from Pili to Opa
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Gentourinary tract, eye, rectum, throat.
Characterized by a marked local neutrophilic response, purulent discharge |
Gonococcal Disease
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Lower genitourinary tract system infection cause by Gonococcal Disease
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Urethritis, Cervicitis
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Upper reproductive system infections
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Epididymitis, Endometritis, Salpingitis, tubo ovarian abscesses
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Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
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PID in woman causing Acute perihepatitis
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Acute Perihepatitis
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Occurs when there is an infection that spreads from the fallopian tube to the liver capsule and overlying peritoneum.
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Severy pain in the upper right part of the abdomen
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Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
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Violin String Laporoscopy
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Shown as adhesions between the liver and the peritoneum in Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
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Arthritis and joint infections
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Dissemeinated gonococcal infections
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Thayar Martin/or New York City medium
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Culturing medims for Gonococcal Diseases
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Chocolate agar and anti-biotics to inhibit other organisms, Require 5% CO2
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Thayar Martin
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Positive Oxidase test, and Positive NYC media, Maltose Negative
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N. Gonorrhoeae
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Drug of Choice of N.Conorrhea
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Cephalosporins
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Treatment for Chlamydia Trachomatis
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Cephalosporins plus doxycycline or erythromycin
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They do no react to gram stain
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Chlamidya trachomatis
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Clinical manifestations results from destruction of the cells and the host inflammatory response (granuloma formation)
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Chlamidya trachomatis
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C.Trachomatis strain that causes genital infection, inclusion conjunctivitis and infant pneumonia
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D-K
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C.Trahomatis that causes genital ulcer, lymphogranuloma venereum
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L1,L2,L3
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Cause Reiters
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Shigella, Campylobacter, Chlamydia
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Infant conjunctivitis following infant pneumonia
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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Thin discharge
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Non-gonococcal discharge
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Thick white discharge
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Gonococcal discharge
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Have inclusion bodies
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Chlamydia Trachomatis
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Treat expecting mothers with erythromycin to prevent this disease as well as annual screening
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Chlamydia Trachomatis
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Cell wall less, sterol in cell membrane, smallest free living organism
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Genital Mycoplasma
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Urease Postive organisms
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Ureaplasma urealyticum
H pylori Proteus |
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Main treatment for Genital Mycoplasma
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Doxycycline
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Culture on A8 agar, "fried egg"
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Genital Mycoplasma
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Painful urination, no bacteria seen in gram stain, multiple sexual partners
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Ureaplasma urealyticum because they do not have cell wall that stains.
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Has an endo-flagella, spirochette, Gm -,require special staining technique.
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Treponema Pallidum
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Does not grow in the lab, requires special staining technique, does not grow on culture media
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Treponema Pallidum
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Sexual contact, Transplacental, Broken skin or other mucus membrane
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Treponema Pallidum
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Infects the endothelium of small blood vessels cause endarteritis
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Treponema Pallidum
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Treponema Pallidum Clinical Course
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Clinical disease contains latent phase after secondary symptoms, and go to be as symptomatic for years before reaching tertiary stage.
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Syphillitic Chancres
and Regional lymphadenopathy |
Primary syphilis. One or more at site of entry, can be painless.
Regional lymphadenopathy, my persists for month after healing. HIGH INFECTIVE STAGE. |
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Skin, and mucous membrane lesions and systemic diseases, patient is infectious
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Secondary syphilis, with painless lessons and systemic effects that effect many
organs such as liver, kidney, joints and brain. |
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Skin rashes that effects of palms and soles. Scaling firm, red brown papules.
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T. Pallidum
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Papulosquamous eruption in the trunk
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T. Pallidum
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Condylomata lata
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T. Pallidum
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Snail track ulcer of the buccal mucosa. Superficial confluent ulceration of mucosal surfaces.
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T.Pallidum
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Positive serological test with the absence of any clinical sympotms
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Latent Syphilis
T. Pallidum |
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Gummatous syphilis, Cardiovascular syphilis, neurosphyilis, paralytic dementia, and destructive joint disease
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Tertiary or late syphilis,
T.Pallidum |
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Uses Direct immunoflourescence (DFA-TP), highly specific for
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T. Pallidum
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Use cardiolipin as antigen, VDRL or RPR
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Non specific test for T. Pallidum
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FTA-ABS, and MHA-TP expensive, treponema as antigen, positive for life
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Specific Treponmemal tests for T. Pallidum
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Cardiolipin is used as a antigen, it is used easy, rapid and inexpensive
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RPR, non specific test for T. Pallidum
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False positives in diseases such as connective tissue diseases, infectious mononucleosis, Malaria, Leperory, infective endocarditis
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RPR, non specific test for T. Pallidum
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Titers of these non specific antibodies decrease with effective treatment and in late stage of the disease.
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RPR, non specific test for T. Pallidum
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Used to confirm positive RPR or VDRL tests in patient suspected of having syphilis, Not useful for following treated patient since remain positive for life
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FTA-ABS Specific tests for T.Pallidum
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Transmitted by sharing drinking and eating utensils, Found in africa and middle east. Can be found on oral mucosa, later bone and skin granulomas.
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Endemic Syphilis/Bejel
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Direct contact with infected lesion, white patches and depigmented areas found in central and south america.
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Pinta
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Person to Person contract of open ulcers. Later develop to gummas skin and bone development. South American and Africa and Asia.
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Yaws
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They are mainly intracellular and for cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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Painless lesions, may not be noticed on the genital regions. Lymphogranuloma venereum, genital lesion and inguinal lymphadenopathy.
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Lymphogranuloma Venereum
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Painful lesions that can make you cry. Chachorid.
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H. Ducreyi
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Extremly painful genital ulceration, soft chancre, multiple lesions, with tender inguinal lymphadenopathy.
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H. Ducreyi
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Gram staining reveals chains of coccobacilli
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H. Ducreyi
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Penecillin resistance common
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H. Ducreyi
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Granuloma inguinale
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Klebsiella granulomatis
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Gram negative red bacterium, grows in egg yolk media.
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Klebsiella granulomatis
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Causes have been reported in homosexual men in the USA and Europe.
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Klebsiella granulomatis
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Clinical disease, 90% of infected are symptomatic, lesions are painless, beefy red open sores that slowly enlarges, produce a flow smelling discharge.
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Klebsiella granulomatis
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Herpes infection above the waist
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Type 1 HSV
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Herpes infections below the waist
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Type 2 HSV
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Cowdry type A- intracellular inclusion bodies, Syncytia formation
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HSV
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Painful vesicular lesions due to infection of the epithelial cells at the site of entry
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Primary HSV infections
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Sense nerve symptoms, pain and tingling often precede the reappearance of recurrence lesion.
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Reactivation phase of the HSV infection
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Tzank smear
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HSV diagnosis
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Acyclovir
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Guanine analog, inhibits the viral DNA synthesis
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Non enveloped Ds circular DNA, non enveloped, icosahedral replicates in nucleus
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HPV
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Suppresses tumor suppressor gene causing proliferation
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HPV
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HPV types that cause cervical carcinoma
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HPV type 16 and 18
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Types of HSV that are responsible for causing genital warts
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HSV 11 and 6
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MOA of HPV
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18 and 16 are responsible for activation of E6 and E7. They inhibit tumor suppressor genes. E6 inactivates p53 and E7 inactivates p105RB (retinoblastoma)
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Pap smear shows the presence of Koilocytes (vacuolated cytoplasm) molecular PCR
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HPV
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Painful lesions that can make you cry. Chachorid.
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Herpes
Ducreyi |
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Beefy red ucler
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Klebsiella
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HIV molecule that attaches to CD4
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gp120
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HIV molecule that binds to CCR5/CXCR4 fusion with host cell membrane
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gp41
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HIV proteins that cleaves precursor peptides
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Proteases
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HIV proteins that integrates viral DNA to host DNA- creates latency
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Integrase
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Used to detect HIV viral antigen
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P24
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Receptors on the host cells that the HIV binds to
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CXCR4 or CCR5
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Enzymes that act inside the virus/host
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Reverse transcriptase first, then the latent virus is activated by RNA polymerase.
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Causes of immunosuppresion in HIV
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Killing of T-Helper cells after the binding to the CXCR4
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Genes that mediated the reduction of MHC 1 expression of infected cells by HIV
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nef and tat gene, that leads to the prevention of the attack of the CD-8 cells and continued effects.
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Stage 2 HIV infection
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Persistent fiver, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, lymphadenopaty.Viral load is laten and anti HIV 1 antibody are increased. CD-4 amount decreases. ARC= aids related complex syndrome.
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Stage 1 HIV infection
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Chronin lymphadenopathy, Increased virus and decrease and a period of latency
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Stage 3 HIV infection
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Full blown AIDS, systemic immune deficiency.
Opportunistic pathogens like pneumocystis jirovecii. Malignancies: Kapsoi Sarcoma (HHV-8). AIDS related dementia. |
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Count of CD-4 that causes AIDS
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Less than 200 you would have HSV, Fungal infections, MAC, and CMV
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CD4 count between 400-200 ARC
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Oral Candidasis
Cyrptosporidiosis Kapsoi sarcoma Lymphoma |
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Diagnosis tests for HIV
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Serological determination of antiviral antibodies
Viral load: detection viral nucleic acid or viral proteins; large number of viral RNA and p24 in blood correlates with early or late infections. CD4 count: statins the disease, used to initiate therapy and determine treatment efficacy. |
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First antibodies that are detected in AIDs patients
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p24
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Treatment for HIV
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Reverse Transcriptase Inhbitors and Protease inhibitors, Binding and fusion inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, Isentress.
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HAART
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Highly active antiretroviral treatment, consists of both reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors drugs together.
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ds DNA virus enveloped, icoshedral. Multinucleated and basophilic intranuclear inclusion body- known as "Owl's eye"
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Cytomegalovirus
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Microcephaly, intracerebral caclification, jaundice, rash, birth defects
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Cytomegalic inclusion disease, perinatal infection: no disease.
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CMV AIDS and innumosuppressed
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Multisite symptomatic disease, esophagitis, colitis, menignits, hepatitis, retinitis, pneumonia.
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Diagnosis of CMV
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Serology IgM
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G + cocci grape like clusters, thin capuslar layer
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Staph. Aureus
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Catalase positive and beta hemolytic
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Staph. Aureus
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Surface protein A binds Fc domain of Ig
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Staph. Aureus
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Found in the nose and throat
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Staph. Aureus
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Impetigo, folliculitis, furncles, carbunbles, all listed as pyogneic skin diseases
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Staph. Aureus
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Blisters found in children during the summer time
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Impetigo which is caused by Staph. Aureus.
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Condition found in babies, periorbital edema, desquamation, and healing occurs without any scars
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Scalded skin syndrome (SSS)
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Menstruating women with indwelling tampons that have not been removed for a extended period of time.
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Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) occurs from Staph. Aureus.
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Sweating and faint after eating. Potato salad, meat, custard and egg. Food handlers.
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Staph. Aureus
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Infection of the bone marrow, and infection in the joint space
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Osteromeylitis and septic arthritis found from Staph Aureus.
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Viral infection of the lung can also cause this bacterial infection
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Staph. Aureus
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Right side endocarditits in injection drug users can cause these infections
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Staph. Aureus
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Can destroy blood cells and phagocytes
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Gamma toxin leukocidin, found in Staph. Aureus
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Coagulase effects in Staph Aureus
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Found on bacterial surface, turns fibrinogen into fibrin, bacteria are clumped, shields bacteria from phagocytes, defense role. MAIN VIRULENCE FACTOR.
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Serine proteases that cleave desmoglein 1, a cell adhesion protein, no attraction of leukocytes so little inflammatory response.
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Exfoliation (scalded skin) that is caused by Staph Aureus
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Entertoxin B and C, act as super antigen, bind to MHC-TCR complex with massive releases of IL-1 and TNFa and IFN g
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Staph. Aureus Toxic shock syndrome toxins (TSST).
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Most common Staph Enterotoxin
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Type A
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Formation of acid with a formation of yellow place
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Mannitol 6.5% salt agar
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Catalase and Coagulase postive test
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Staph. Aureus
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Binds to the 5th D alanine on the peptidoglycan structure.
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Vancomycine resistance of Staph. Aureus.
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Coagulase negative but catalase positive
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Staph. Epidermidis
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Found on catheters that enter our body and are distributed into the blood
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Staph. Epidermidis
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Cause lead to infective endocarditis post due to noscomial causes
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Staph. Epidermidis
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G+ large gram positive spore forming bacilli with tendency for chain formation, poly glutamic acid capsule
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Bacillus Anthracis
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Wool sorters disease
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Bacillus Anthracis
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Disease of herbivores, sheep cattle and bison the acquire the pathogens from grazing or wounds.
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Bacillus Anthracis
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Occupational hazard disease
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Bacillus Anthracis
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Long changes of the organisms with central spores
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Bacillus Anthracis
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Toxin is A-B, which one is for binding and the most important
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Bacillus Anthracis toxin with the B antigen being the most important one being called the Protective Antigen (PA).
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Which factors does PA accept in B.Anthracis
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Edema factor or lethal factor, as they enter cells.
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Factor that is an adenylate cyclase
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Edema factor in B.Anthracis
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Factor that is a protease
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Lethal factor in bacillus Anthracis
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Drug users in England were killed from this bacteria
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Bacillus Anthracis
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Failure of filter of air replacement in Russia caused death due to this organisms
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Bacillus Anthracis
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Black necrotic center with raised edematous edges
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Cutaneous Anthrax from would inoculation
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Preventation is caused by vaccination of animals and problems near national park
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Bacillus Anthracis
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Gram stains, specimen of specimen swab and even blood, no spore
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Bacillus Anthracis
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Gram + bacilli produce spore under correct conditions, are anaerobes
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Genus Clostridium
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Found in soil, water, animal and human gastrointestinal flora
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Genus Clostridium
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There are several toxins A-E
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Clostridium Perfringes
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The type of toxin that is found in food in C. Perfringes
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Toxin A in food poisoning, soft tissue infections and septicemia
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Causes Cellulitis and fascitis
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C.Perfringens
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Deep wound, pain, gas production, massive muscle necrosis, hemolysis
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Gas gangrene found in C.Perfringens
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Type C strains incrminated, blood diarrhea, excess pork ingestion with sweet potatoes, (trypsin inhibitor) allows toxin function in gut, called PIG-BEL.
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C.Perfringens
|
|
|
Typical food intoxication in meat contaminated with spore, improper preparation. Symptoms 6-24 hours, cramps, watery diarrhea, recovery in 24 hours.
|
C.Perfringens
|
|
|
Anaerobic culture methods in jars, sepcial chambers, good growth in one day
|
C.Perfringens
|
|
|
Strongly hemolytic on BAP, lipase assay
|
C.Perfringens
|
|
|
Swollen, terminal spore development and drum stick appearance, an anaerobe, sensitive to oxygen, spreads on moist, freshly prepared agars
|
C. Tetani
|
|
|
Lock jaw
|
C. Tetani
|
|
|
B unit in C.Tetani
|
Binds to Sialic acid
|
|
|
A unit in C. Tetani
|
Attacks synaptobrevin a (VAMP) in the neuromuscular vesicle.
|
|
|
Organism is senstive to air
|
C.Tetani
|
|
|
Tetanus Toxoid with diphtheria toxoid and pertusus cellular and acellular
|
DPT, DaPT and Tdap, Td, TD
|
|
|
Immunization of C.tatani
|
Passive immunization with human anti-tetanus Ig
|
|
|
Treatment used for C. Tetani
|
Metronidazole, anaerobes, no penicillin since it inhibits GABA.
|
|
|
Bacilli that is NOT ACID FAST
|
Actinomyces Israelii
|
|
|
Gram positive non sporeforming bacilli
|
Actinomyces is the most important.
Propionibacterium (acne) Mobilunucs |
|
|
Normal oral flora, endogenous infections
|
anaeroblic gram postive non sporeformers
|
|
|
Cervicofacial following dental procedure or trauma, causes LUMPY JAW
|
Actinomyces
|
|
|
Yellow sulfur granules in drainage seen on gauze containing many bacterial filaments
|
Actinomyces
|
|
|
Rash that is usually found in children
|
Exanthems
|
|
|
Alpha Herpes Virus
|
VZV
|
|
|
Large, enveloped, linear, dsDNA viruses, smaller herpes virus
|
VZV
|
|
|
Is acquired by inhalation in early youth if not immunized, or direct contact with lesions of chickenpox (varicella).
|
VZV
|
|
|
Pain for several weeks or years before it is cleared by the human
|
VZV herpes zoster, SHINGLES
|
|
|
Latency in dorsal root ganglia is the basis for later shingles eruptions in about 10% of perviously infected
|
VZV herpes zoster, SHINGLES
|
|
|
Vesiculo pustular rash that appears and then latency in dorsal root and cranial ganglia follows
|
Drew drop, in VZV.
|
|
|
Lesions on the trunk but also scalp, moth and then extremeitis
|
Chicken pox, found in VZV
|
|
|
Rash comes in crops over several days, crust over
|
VZV
|
|
|
Cowdry type A
|
Intra nuclear inclusions found in Tzank smears of HSV and VZV virus
|
|
|
Vaccine for VZV
|
Active, attenuated Oka strain of VZV is successful, stimulates T-cell responses.
|
|
|
Human Herpes Virus 6 and 7
|
Roseolovirus
|
|
|
Rapid onset with high fever, within 2 days rash forms that then resolves quickly, within another two days
|
Roseolo in Exanthem Subitum
|
|
|
Agent of erythema infectiosum
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Smalles DNA virus, naked linear, ssDNA
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Plus or minus strands in sparate virions have looped ends, creates false dsDNA
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Replicates only in mitotically active cells
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Airborne transmission and oral secretions, the latter most important
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Slapped cheek syndrome
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Risk for Aplastic Anemia in person with Sickle cell disease
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Risk for hydrops fecalis of non immune mothers
|
parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Enveloped, positive ssRNA viruses
|
Rubella
|
|
|
mRNA expression yields a polyprotein typical of plus sense RNA viruses, polyprotein self cleavage to other proteins some of which are enzymes
|
Positives ssRNA found in Rubella
|
|
|
Incubation about two weeks before symptoms appear, aids spread
|
Rubella, german measles
|
|
|
Repiraoty to nodes to viremia to skin and macular and macuopapular rash
|
German measles
|
|
|
Can cause transplacental infection may cause teratogenic effects such as cataracts, deafness, mental retardation in utero death possible.
|
German Measles
|
|
|
Active cold adapted rubella virus
|
MMR vaccine given to young children 2 to 3 years old in German Measles.
|
|
|
Primarily used to prevent congenital disease but works in childhood diseases too
|
MMR vaccine given to young children 2 to 3 years old in German Measles.
|
|
|
Enveloped, negative, ssRNA viruses
|
Paramyxovirus- Measles
|
|
|
Has its own RNA sep-RNA poly
|
Paramyxovirus- Measles
|
|
|
Maculopapular rash as T cells combat infection at endothelial lining of blood vessels
|
Measles
|
|
|
Koplik spots on buccal mucosa and then small rash granular appearance
|
Measles
|
|
|
Post infectious encephalitis is an autoimmune expression
|
Measles
|
|
|
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
|
Measles
|
|
|
G + cocci grape like clusters, thin capuslar layer
|
Staph. Aureus
|
|
|
Catalase positive and beta hemolytic
|
Staph. Aureus
|
|
|
Surface protein A binds Fc domain of Ig
|
Staph. Aureus
|
|
|
Found in the nose and throat
|
Staph. Aureus
|
|
|
Impetigo, folliculitis, furncles, carbunbles, all listed as pyogneic skin diseases
|
Staph. Aureus
|
|
|
Blisters found in children during the summer time
|
Impetigo which is caused by Staph. Aureus.
|
|
|
Condition found in babies, periorbital edema, desquamation, and healing occurs without any scars
|
Scalded skin syndrome (SSS)
|
|
|
Menstruating women with indwelling tampons that have not been removed for a extended period of time.
|
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) occurs from Staph. Aureus.
|
|
|
Sweating and faint after eating. Potato salad, meat, custard and egg. Food handlers.
|
Staph. Aureus
|
|
|
Infection of the bone marrow, and infection in the joint space
|
Osteromeylitis and septic arthritis found from Staph Aureus.
|
|
|
Viral infection of the lung can also cause this bacterial infection
|
Staph. Aureus
|
|
|
Right side endocarditits in injection drug users can cause these infections
|
Staph. Aureus
|
|
|
Can destroy blood cells and phagocytes
|
Gamma toxin leukocidin, found in Staph. Aureus
|
|
|
Coagulase effects in Staph Aureus
|
Found on bacterial surface, turns fibrinogen into fibrin, bacteria are clumped, shields bacteria from phagocytes, defense role. MAIN VIRULENCE FACTOR.
|
|
|
Serine proteases that cleave desmoglein 1, a cell adhesion protein, no attraction of leukocytes so little inflammatory response.
|
Exfoliation (scalded skin) that is caused by Staph Aureus
|
|
|
Entertoxin B and C, act as super antigen, bind to MHC-TCR complex with massive releases of IL-1 and TNFa and IFN g
|
Staph. Aureus Toxic shock syndrome toxins (TSST).
|
|
|
Most common Staph Enterotoxin
|
Type A
|
|
|
Formation of acid with a formation of yellow place
|
Mannitol 6.5% salt agar
|
|
|
Catalase and Coagulase postive test
|
Staph. Aureus
|
|
|
Binds to the 5th D alanine on the peptidoglycan structure.
|
Vancomycine resistance of Staph. Aureus.
|
|
|
Coagulase negative but catalase positive
|
Staph. Epidermidis
|
|
|
Found on catheters that enter our body and are distributed into the blood
|
Staph. Epidermidis
|
|
|
Cause lead to infective endocarditis post due to noscomial causes
|
Staph. Epidermidis
|
|
|
G+ large gram positive spore forming bacilli with tendency for chain formation, poly glutamic acid capsule
|
Bacillus Anthracis
|
|
|
Wool sorters disease
|
Bacillus Anthracis
|
|
|
Disease of herbivores, sheep cattle and bison the acquire the pathogens from grazing or wounds.
|
Bacillus Anthracis
|
|
|
Occupational hazard disease
|
Bacillus Anthracis
|
|
|
Long changes of the organisms with central spores
|
Bacillus Anthracis
|
|
|
Toxin is A-B, which one is for binding and the most important
|
Bacillus Anthracis toxin with the B antigen being the most important one being called the Protective Antigen (PA).
|
|
|
Which factors does PA accept in B.Anthracis
|
Edema factor or lethal factor, as they enter cells.
|
|
|
Factor that is an adenylate cyclase
|
Edema factor in B.Anthracis
|
|
|
Factor that is a protease
|
Lethal factor in bacillus Anthracis
|
|
|
Drug users in England were killed from this bacteria
|
Bacillus Anthracis
|
|
|
Failure of filter of air replacement in Russia caused death due to this organisms
|
Bacillus Anthracis
|
|
|
Black necrotic center with raised edematous edges
|
Cutaneous Anthrax from would inoculation
|
|
|
Preventation is caused by vaccination of animals and problems near national park
|
Bacillus Anthracis
|
|
|
Gram stains, specimen of specimen swab and even blood, no spore
|
Bacillus Anthracis
|
|
|
Gram + bacilli produce spore under correct conditions, are anaerobes
|
Genus Clostridium
|
|
|
Found in soil, water, animal and human gastrointestinal flora
|
Genus Clostridium
|
|
|
There are several toxins A-E
|
Clostridium Perfringes
|
|
|
The type of toxin that is found in food in C. Perfringes
|
Toxin A in food poisoning, soft tissue infections and septicemia
|
|
|
Causes Cellulitis and fascitis
|
C.Perfringens
|
|
|
Deep wound, pain, gas production, massive muscle necrosis, hemolysis
|
Gas gangrene found in C.Perfringens
|
|
|
Type C strains incrminated, blood diarrhea, excess pork ingestion with sweet potatoes, (trypsin inhibitor) allows toxin function in gut, called PIG-BEL.
|
C.Perfringens
|
|
|
Typical food intoxication in meat contaminated with spore, improper preparation. Symptoms 6-24 hours, cramps, watery diarrhea, recovery in 24 hours.
|
C.Perfringens
|
|
|
Anaerobic culture methods in jars, sepcial chambers, good growth in one day
|
C.Perfringens
|
|
|
Strongly hemolytic on BAP, lipase assay
|
C.Perfringens
|
|
|
Swollen, terminal spore development and drum stick appearance, an anaerobe, sensitive to oxygen, spreads on moist, freshly prepared agars
|
C. Tetani
|
|
|
Lock jaw
|
C. Tetani
|
|
|
B unit in C.Tetani
|
Binds to Sialic acid
|
|
|
A unit in C. Tetani
|
Attacks synaptobrevin a (VAMP) in the neuromuscular vesicle.
|
|
|
Organism is senstive to air
|
C.Tetani
|
|
|
Tetanus Toxoid with diphtheria toxoid and pertusus cellular and acellular
|
DPT, DaPT and Tdap, Td, TD
|
|
|
Immunization of C.tatani
|
Passive immunization with human anti-tetanus Ig
|
|
|
Treatment used for C. Tetani
|
Metronidazole, anaerobes, no penicillin since it inhibits GABA.
|
|
|
Bacilli that is NOT ACID FAST
|
Actinomyces Israelii
|
|
|
Gram positive non sporeforming bacilli
|
Actinomyces is the most important.
Propionibacterium (acne) Mobilunucs |
|
|
Normal oral flora, endogenous infections
|
anaeroblic gram postive non sporeformers
|
|
|
Cervicofacial following dental procedure or trauma, causes LUMPY JAW
|
Actinomyces
|
|
|
Yellow sulfur granules in drainage seen on gauze containing many bacterial filaments
|
Actinomyces
|
|
|
Rash that is usually found in children
|
Exanthems
|
|
|
Alpha Herpes Virus
|
VZV
|
|
|
Large, enveloped, linear, dsDNA viruses, smaller herpes virus
|
VZV
|
|
|
Is acquired by inhalation in early youth if not immunized, or direct contact with lesions of chickenpox (varicella).
|
VZV
|
|
|
Pain for several weeks or years before it is cleared by the human
|
VZV herpes zoster, SHINGLES
|
|
|
Latency in dorsal root ganglia is the basis for later shingles eruptions in about 10% of perviously infected
|
VZV herpes zoster, SHINGLES
|
|
|
Vesiculo pustular rash that appears and then latency in dorsal root and cranial ganglia follows
|
Drew drop, in VZV.
|
|
|
Lesions on the trunk but also scalp, moth and then extremeitis
|
Chicken pox, found in VZV
|
|
|
Rash comes in crops over several days, crust over
|
VZV
|
|
|
Cowdry type A
|
Intra nuclear inclusions found in Tzank smears of HSV and VZV virus
|
|
|
Vaccine for VZV
|
Active, attenuated Oka strain of VZV is successful, stimulates T-cell responses.
|
|
|
Human Herpes Virus 6 and 7
|
Roseolovirus
|
|
|
Rapid onset with high fever, within 2 days rash forms that then resolves quickly, within another two days
|
Roseolo in Exanthem Subitum
|
|
|
Agent of erythema infectiosum
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Smalles DNA virus, naked linear, ssDNA
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Plus or minus strands in sparate virions have looped ends, creates false dsDNA
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Replicates only in mitotically active cells
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Airborne transmission and oral secretions, the latter most important
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Slapped cheek syndrome
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Risk for Aplastic Anemia in person with Sickle cell disease
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Risk for hydrops fecalis of non immune mothers
|
parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Enveloped, positive ssRNA viruses
|
Rubella
|
|
|
mRNA expression yields a polyprotein typical of plus sense RNA viruses, polyprotein self cleavage to other proteins some of which are enzymes
|
Positives ssRNA found in Rubella
|
|
|
Incubation about two weeks before symptoms appear, aids spread
|
Rubella, german measles
|
|
|
Repiraoty to nodes to viremia to skin and macular and macuopapular rash
|
German measles
|
|
|
Can cause transplacental infection may cause teratogenic effects such as cataracts, deafness, mental retardation in utero death possible.
|
German Measles
|
|
|
Active cold adapted rubella virus
|
MMR vaccine given to young children 2 to 3 years old in German Measles.
|
|
|
Primarily used to prevent congenital disease but works in childhood diseases too
|
MMR vaccine given to young children 2 to 3 years old in German Measles.
|
|
|
Enveloped, negative, ssRNA viruses
|
Paramyxovirus- Measles
|
|
|
Has its own RNA sep-RNA poly
|
Paramyxovirus- Measles
|
|
|
Maculopapular rash as T cells combat infection at endothelial lining of blood vessels
|
Measles
|
|
|
Koplik spots on buccal mucosa and then small rash granular appearance
|
Measles
|
|
|
Post infectious encephalitis is an autoimmune expression
|
Measles
|
|
|
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
|
Measles
|
|
|
Vaccine for Measles
|
MMR vaccine with Moraten strain of Edmonston B attenuated measles virus.
|
