Barbs Research Chapter 7

Front 1

The Validity of a piece of research is what?

Back 1

is the extent to which the conclusions of that research are believable and useful

Front 2

what is one of the most important functions of research?

Back 2

To determine cause and effect

Front 3

When there is a change in A does a change in b result? If the answer is yes then what is A?

Back 3

A is the cause and B is the result. This is most true when the A is controlled by the researchers

Front 4

Controlling the "cause" is what type of study?

Back 4

Experimental study

Front 5

What is the researching looking for in cause and effect studies?

Back 5

Testing the effectiveness of our treatments

Front 6

Define variables

Back 6

things in the experiment that change

Front 7

In order to understand cause and effect you must first know what?

Back 7

You must understand the concept of variables

Front 8

If there is no change in an aspect in research then what is it?

Back 8

It is constant

Front 9

PT tried two different methods of treatment on LBP patients all 70 years old. What is the variable and what is constant?

Back 9

Treatment for LBP is variable and the age of the participants is the constant

Front 10

What are independent variables?

Back 10

are aspects of a study that a scientist-practioner either controls or chooses. They are independent because they do notrely on other variables for their changes. Ex: two different types of treatments for LBP

Front 11

What type of variable causes outcomes?

Back 11

Independent variables

Front 12

Any independent variable must have what?

Back 12

At least 2 values or levels because if there is only one value such as 1 treatment option then the aspect doesn't vary, it would be constant

Front 13

Independent variables are identified by what?

Back 13

They are identified by the aspect that has changed. e.g., treatment type such as TENS, cryotherapy, hot packs, etc.

Front 14

What is an active variable?

Back 14

A variable in which the researcher has complete control!

Front 15

You need at least one what to draw a conclusion on cause and effect?

Back 15

Active variable

Front 16

What is an assigned variable?

Back 16

A variable in which the participant must be in a certain category usually due to age, health status and intelligence and the researcher does not have control over. E.g., studying the effects of a treatment on normal kids verses kids with cerebral palsey

Front 17

what type of variable is prospective?

Back 17

An active independent variable

Front 18

What is a dependent variable?

Back 18

They are the outcomes of a study, they are dependent upon the independent variable. Their values depend on changes of the independent variable

Front 19

When a scientist manipulates an active independent variable and the result is a change in a dependent variable we assume what?

Back 19

That there is a cause and effect relationship

Front 20

What are some common dependent variables in Physical Therapy?

Back 20

ROM, pain rating, functional performance measures

Front 21

Dependent variables must be operationally defined. What does this mean?

Back 21

It means that the researcher must decide how to measure the outcome. Example it is not enough to say that you are going to measure strength. What do you mean by strength and how are you going to measure it? You need to make sure that how you are measureing something has good merit to it

Front 22

What are intervening variables?

Back 22

These are largely mental processes that supposedly intervene between input and outcome. Examples are intelligence, motivation, and executive function.

Front 23

What variable has very little experimental value?

Back 23

Intervening variable because they are so hard and difficult to measure

Front 24

What are extraneous variables?

Back 24

They are variables that may be found in the actually setting of the research such as the building. Some examples are temperature, lighting, time of day

Front 25

What is a functional relationship?

Back 25

In a cause and effect relationship, we say that there is a change in outcome is a functional change in input

Front 26

What are the two important types of functional relationships?

Back 26

linear relationship and non-linear relationship

Front 27

What is a linear relationship?

Back 27

A relationship that exists when the independent variable changes by a constant amount

Front 28

What is a non-linear functional relationship?

Back 28

It is a functional relationship, with constant changes in the independent variable that produces non-equal changes in a dependent variable

Front 29

What is a factorial experiement?

Back 29

An experiment in which there are more than one independent variable

Front 30

What is the important benefit of a factorial experiement?

Back 30

Researchers can investigate not only the effect of each independent variable, but also how independent variable work together or influence one another.

Front 31

What is one of the best ways to understand functional relationships among variables?

Back 31

Representing them with graphs

Front 32

What is the most common graph?

Back 32

The two dimensional graph with a horizontal axis (abscissa) and a vertical axis (the ordinate) that intersect at some point and create a right angle. Usually the x axis is used for the values of the independent variable and the y has the dependent variables

Front 33

What are the two most common types of graphs?

Back 33

The bar and line graphs

Front 34

When do you use a line graph?

Back 34

When the independent variable represents a continuum of some kind such as describing increasing values of muscle strengthh in squats per minute, that is a continuum. It is a continuum because each strength value must be greater than the previous one

Front 35

What is intra-subject reliability?

Back 35

Actual changes in subject performance from time to time

Front 36

What are the two ways to quantify reliability?

Back 36

Relative or absolute

Front 37

What is relative reliability?

Back 37

is based on the idea that if a measurement is reliable, individual mesurements within a group will maintain their position within the group on repeated measurements

Front 38

What is an example of relative reliability?

Back 38

People who score near the top of a distribution on a first measure would be expected to stay near the top of the distribution even if their actual scores changed

Front 39

What is absolute reliability?

Back 39

Absolute reliability indicates the extent to which a score varies on repeated measurement