Barash Psych 200: Animal Behavior Test 3

Front 1

Game

Back 1

interaction between individuals that leads to identifiable consequences that result from both individual's actions

Front 2

Prisoner's Dilemma

Back 2

T>R>P>S
Multiple interactions and people watching make more altruistic
People are more altruistic than the model suggests

Front 3

Altruism

Back 3

Corporation or niceness

Front 4

Selfishness

Back 4

Deflection or nastiness

Front 5

T

Back 5

Temptation to deflect

Front 6

R

Back 6

Reward of mutual corporation

Front 7

P

Back 7

Punishment of mutual

Front 8

S

Back 8

Sucker punishment of trying to corporate while the other one deflects

Front 9

Alternate Male Reproductive Strategies

Back 9

sneaky males

Front 10

Hawk and Dove Game

Back 10

hawks escalate conflict, doves deescalate conflict
best to be hawk if there aren't too many
hawks remain at a stable population level

Front 11

Bully

Back 11

is a hawk when interacting with doves, is a dove when interacting with hawks

Front 12

Frequency Dependence

Back 12

when something is dependent on how often it occurs in the population
hawks are dependent on the frequency that they occur, the more hawks, the worse off they are
same w/ sneaky males
same w/ gallivanting males

Front 13

Social Dilemma

Back 13

T>R>P>S
individuals playing against others are tempted to cheat against the entire society
water shortage example
Douglas firs, would be better off if all corporate and didn't grow so tall, but each is tempted to cheat, so they all cheat and get really tall

Front 14

Game of Chicken

Back 14

T>R>S>P
two individuals drive towards each other daring the other to swerve first

Front 15

How to win at chicken

Back 15

1. Don't play the game
2. Make a big show of throwing the steering wheel out the window
3. Make a big show out of proclaiming undieing love for the girl (bigger motivation to not deflect)
4. Be obviously insane (musth)

Front 16

Basic problems of sex

Back 16

1. Genetic- cost of meiosis, r=.5, asexual reproduction possible
2. Behavioral- must rely on another individual to pass on genes, amount of effort it takes to find a mate, cost of competition

Front 17

Basic advantages of sex

Back 17

1. produces genetically distinct offspring
2. creates genetic variability that helps w/ resistance to parasites

Front 18

R-selection

Back 18

large number w/ small investment
on a spectrum
associated w/ high adult mortality and early sexual maturation

Front 19

K-selection

Back 19

small number w/ large investment
on a spectrum
associated with societies, social learning, boom and bust populations

Front 20

Reproductive Strategies

Back 20

when to reproduce (season)
how old when start to reproduce
how often to reproduce

Front 21

Sexual Selection

Back 21

part of natural selection
ecological selection and sexual selection sometimes counter each other
e.g. peacock feathers get caught in bushes, but attract mates

Front 22

Intrasexual Selection

Back 22

competition b/w males or b/w females
usually focuses on competition b/w males

Front 23

Intersexual Selection/ Epigamic selection

Back 23

competition b/w males and females
emphasizes females
mate choice- how females choose mates

Front 24

Variance in reproductive success

Back 24

higher in males than females
higher in polygamous societies
the reproductive success of the average male is always equal to the reproductive success of the average female

Front 25

Male

Back 25

produces sperm: small, many, r-selected

Front 26

Female

Back 26

produces eggs: big, few; k-selected

Front 27

PI/ Parental Investment

Back 27

anything that a would be parent does that contributes to the reproductive success at the COST of the parents' ability to do something else
females usually contribute the largest PI (eggs up to 50% of body weight, placenta, milk, cost of birth)
The sex that invests less (usually males) competes among themselves for access to the individuals who contribute more PI

Front 28

Animal social systems

Back 28

Monogamy
Polygamy
Polygyny
Polyandry
Promiscuity

Front 29

Monogamy

Back 29

rare, one male and one female
can (often does) involve cheating

Front 30

Polygamy

Back 30

one male and many females (polygyny) or
one female and many males (polyandry)

Front 31

Polygyny

Back 31

one male and many females
more common than polyandry

Front 32

Polygandry

Back 32

one female and many males
males are usually related
occurs in 5 human societies

Front 33

Promiscuity

Back 33

not a lot of structure, lots of males mating w/ lots of females

Front 34

Sexual dimorphism

Back 34

significant differences in the bodies of males and females
does not occur in all animals
can involve weight, antlers, colors, behavior
the sex that competes more invests less
as you increase polygamy, you increase sexual dimorphism

Front 35

Behavioral dimorphism

Back 35

different behaviors in males than in females
e.g. aggression, fighting, competition

Front 36

Post-Copulatory Competition

Back 36

competition after mating
1. Post-copulatory locks
2. Seminal plugs
3. Infanticide

Front 37

Post-copulatory locks

Back 37

animals remain in mating position for long periods of time to prevent new matings. It is usually caused by the male
dogs sometimes do

Front 38

Seminal Plugs

Back 38

substance created by the male after mating that hardens slightly and is brightly colored
increases finalization rate
obstructs future matings for a time if not removed by female
some insects (bees)
some primates

Front 39

Infanticide

Back 39

male takes over a harem and kills the nursing babies so the mothers stop nursing and become fertile

Front 40

Sexual bimaturism

Back 40

two sexual maturity rates
w/o male-male competition, you'd expect females to mature later than males (increased PI)
esp. in polygamy, males mature later (increase chance of obtaining a harem)

Front 41

Intersexual selection/ epigamic selection

Back 41

largely female choice
look for males with good genes, good behavior (help w/ offspring), and good resources

Front 42

Sexy son hypothesis

Back 42

females select males that will produce popular sons (doesn't focus enough on the females' choice)

Front 43

Handicap Principle

Back 43

a costly trait shows how strong/healthy the animal is b/c they can survive w/ the handicap
possibly is adaptive b/c helps the female offspring (who don't have the handicap)
an example of honest communication (like stotting)