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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Culture
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1. The sum of practices, languages, symbols, beliefs, values, ideologies, and material objects that people can create to deal with real-life problems. Cultures enable people to adapt to and thrive in their environments
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high culture
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culture consumed mainly by upper class ex Opera, ballet, art
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popular culture
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culture consumed by all classes (mass culture) ex
A lot of shit |
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subculture
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set of distinct values, norms and practices within a larger culture.
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counterculture
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: A peoples way of life that directly challenges or conflicts with the dominant culture
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material culture
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Culture composed of the tools and objects that enables people to get tasks accomplished
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nonmaterial culture
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Culture composed of symbols, norms and other non-tangible elements of culture
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norms
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Generally accepted ways of doing things
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values
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Ideas about what is right and wrong, good and bad, beautiful and ugly
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sanctions
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Rewards and punishments intended to ensure conformity to culture guidelines
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taboos
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The strongest and more central norms. When someone violates a taboo, it causes revulsion in the community, and punishment is severe.
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mores
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A core norm that most people believe must be upheld. The violation of a more evokes moderately harsh punishment.
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folkways
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A relatively unimportant norm that many people prefer to uphold. The violation of a folkway evokes mild punishment.
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culture shock
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Disorientation caused by coming into contact with a totally different culture.
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ethnocentrism
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The tendency to judge other cultures exclusively by the standards of one’s own
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cultural relativism
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The belief that all cultures have equal value.
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natue
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Biological or hereditary determine our behavior
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nurture
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Social forces determine our behavior
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socialization
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The process by which people learn their culture. They do so by entering and disengaging from a succession of roles and becoming aware of themselves as they interact with others.
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self
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Ones ideas and attitudes about who one is.
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id
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The art of the self that demands immediate gratifications
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superego
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The part of the self that acts as a repository of culture standards
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ego
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Psychological mechanism that balances the conflicting needs of the id and superego.
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looking glass self
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The way our feelings about who we are depend largely on how we see ourselves evaluated by others
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i
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subjective and impulsive aspect of the self that is present from birth
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me
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The objective component of the self that emerges as people communicates symbolically and learns to take the role of the other.
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generalized other
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according to mead, a person’s image of cultural standards and how they apply to him or her.
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family
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Primary Socialization
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schools
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secondary socialization
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resocialization
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a. Powerful socializing agents deliberately cause rapid change in one’s values, roles, and self-conception, sometimes against ones will. ex Fraternity, Us Army, Religious
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total institution
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a. Settings where people are isolated from the larger society and under the strict control and constant supervision of a specialized staff ex Asylums
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social interactions
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The verbal and nonverbal interactions’ between people acting and reacting to one another
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status
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recognized social position that an individual can occupy
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status set
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The entire ensemble of statues occupies by and individuals
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master set
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The status that is most influential in shaping one’s life at a given time and hence one’s overriding public identity.
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ascribed status
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A involuntary status
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achieved status
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voluntary status
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role
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A set of expected behaviors
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role set
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A cluster of roles attached to a single status
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role conflict
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Two or more statues held at the same time place contradictory role demands on a person
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role strain
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When incompatible role demands are places on a person in a single status
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exchange theory
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Holds that social interactions involves trade in valued resources
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rational choice theory
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Focuses on the way interacting people weigh the benefits and costs of interactions. Accounting to rational choice theory, interacting people always try to maximize benefits and minimize costs
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dramaturgical analysis
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Social interaction as a sort of play in which people present themselves so that they appear in the best possible light
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ethnomethodology
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The study of how people make sense of what others do and say by adhering to preexisting norms.
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conflict theory of social interactions
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Theories which emphasize that when people interact, their statuses are often arranges in a hierarchy. Those on top enjoy more power than those on the bottom. The Degree of inequality strongly affects the character of social interactions’ between the interacting parties
ex Social power, labeling, establishing, and breaking norms |
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deviance
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Occurs when someone departs from a norm and evokes a reaction from others
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crime
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Deviance that is against the law
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white collar
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An illegal act committed by a respectable high status person in the course of their work.
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street crime
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Crimes disproportionately committed usually people of the lower class.
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subculture theory
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Gangs are a collective adaption to social conditions
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learning theory
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A person learns to favor a deviant behavior or non-deviant lifestyle as a result of their environmental socialization
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strain theory
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People turn to deviance when they experience strain
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