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371 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which bacteria causes syphilis?
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Treponema Pallidus
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Which bacteria has a biphasic life cycle?
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Chlamydiae pneumoniae
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what are the 2 phases in the biphasic life cycle? Which is infectious? Metabolically active?
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Elementary Body and Reticulate Body; EB; RB
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what cell type does Chlamydiae pneumoniae infect?
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All cell types
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what cell type does Chlamydiae Trachomatis infect?
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mucosal cells only (occular trachoma)
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Which bacteria is associated with atherosclerosis?
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Chlamydiae pnuemoniae
(clams are high in cholesterol and too much of that causes atherosclerosis) |
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what type of bacteria is chlamydiae?
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obligate intracellular pathogen (can only grow in cells)
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rank the top three Sexually transmitted bacterial diseases
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Chlamydia, gonnorhea, syphilis (alphabetical order)
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what are the three spirochaetes?
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Treponema, borrelia, leptospira
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name the 4 oral treponemes
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T. denticola, t. vincentii, t. pectinoverum, t. socranskii
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What bacteria is highly related with ANUG?
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Treponema (the only oral spirochaete)
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What bacteria is highly related with ANUP in HIV?
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Veillonella.
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oxygen use category for the three spirochaets
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anaerobe -treponema;
microaerophilic - borrelia aerobic - leptospira |
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what two bacteria invade host through jxn BETWEEN cells?
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oral treponema and Haemophilus influenzae b
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which bacteria causes lyme disease?
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Borrelia Burgdorferi
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What are symptoms of lyme disease?
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generalized neurologic and cardiac manifestations
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what bacteria causes whooping cough?
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Bordatella pertussis
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three virulence factors of bordatella?
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Pertussis toxin
adenylate cyclase tracheal toxin ("TAP" them on the back if they have whooping cough (pertussis)) |
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which STD causing bacteria can cross placental barrier?
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Treponema pallidum
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What drug is T. pallidum sensitive to?
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Ampicillin
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which bacteria is transmitted by ticks?
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borrelia burgdorferi
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which bacteria possess internal flagella?
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treponemes
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are spirochaetes closer to gram + or gram -?
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gram -
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the classical taxonomy of the oral treponemes agrees with the classification based on what cell component?
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16S rRNA
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which two bacteria are implicated in ANUG?
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Treponemes and fusibacteria nucleatum
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which bacteria is an obligate intracellular parasite (pathogen)
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chlamydiae
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name the two most clinically important types of chlamydiae
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c. trachomatis and c. pnuemoniae
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How does bordetella adhere to cells?
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filamentous hemagglutins (Fha)
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how does bordetella regulate its virulence and flagella expression?
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BvgAS
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what bacteria is ubiquitous to fresh water?
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legionella pneumonia
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where does legionella infect?
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the lung!
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where does legionella replicate?
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alveolar macrophages
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how is legionella spread?
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aerosol distributed by humidifying and cooling systems (water droplets)
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name the three bordetella types
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b. pertussis, b. parapertusis, b. bronchioseptica
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which bacteria is responsible for whooping cough?
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b. pertusis
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which bacteria is treated by vaccinating to develop anti-PRP antibodies?
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Haemophilus
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what is the main cause of purulent meningitis?
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Haemophilus influenza b
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what is the main virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae?
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Polyribitol Phosphate (PRP) capsule
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what are 2 things that haemophilus needs to grow?
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Hematin (factor x), Nicotinamide D. nucleotide (NAD-V)
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what is the major cause of epiglottis and pneumonia in kids 2-5?
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Hib
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where in the body does Haemophilus b occupy the normal flora in 20-80% of healthy people?
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nasopharyngeal flora
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what is the smallest bacteria?
What is the largest bacteria? |
Haemophilus
Clostridia |
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which bacteria is associated with Cystic fibrosis?
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Pseudomonas
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what is major virulence factor of Pseudomonas?
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Alginate ( EPS = exopolysaccharide Slime)
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which is the most resistant bacteria to antibiotics? why?
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pseudomonas ; because of alginate (EPS)
(sue is a hygienists name and hygienists take impressions with alginate) |
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what are the two scariest bacteria in hospitals?
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S. aureaus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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which bacteria produces colorful water soluble pigments?
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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which bacteria can grow almost anywhere, including even disinfectants? using what?
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa; oxygen, ammonia, CO2,
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what are the three most important virulence factors of H. pylori?
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urease, VacA, Cag
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how do you diagnose a H. pylori infection?
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Culturing or ingestion of 13 or 14 C labelled Urea, measure CO2 (due to urease activity)
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which bacteria is the number one non-drug cause of peptic ulcers?
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H. pylori
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what is the most prevalent disease in the world? what % of population has it?
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Stomach ulcers; 30-50% in developed countries; almost all in developing...
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what two things do stomach ulcers by h. pylori lead to down the road?
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gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
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H. pylori:
what type of flagella? oxygen use? Shape? where is infection limited to? |
single polar flagella
microaerophilic slender curved rod mucosa of stomach |
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which bacteria uses microtubules to move inside cell?
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campylobacter
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what is the most common cause of bacterial GI infection in developed countries?
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campylobacteria jejuni
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which bacteria cannot ferment or oxidase carbohydrate?
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campylobacteria jejuni (when you're camping you can't use carbohydrate, you gotta eat the animals you kill)
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Two clinically important forms of campylobacteria?
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jejuni and coli
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oxygen use of campylobacteria?
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microaerophilic (camping on everest has low O2)
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what are symptoms of campylobacteriosis?
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watery or dystentary diarrhea, self limiting, fever, ab pain,
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what type of bacteria is the el tor?
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Vibrio cholerae (01)
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which enterobacteriae is sensitive to acid?
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vibrio cholarae
(associated with saltwater and seafood, which is alkaline) |
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what is structure of v. cholarae's #1 virulence factor?
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Cholera Toxin AB toxin with 2 A and 5 B subunits
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which bacteria grows mostly in alkaline conditions?
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v. cholerae
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which two vibrio cholera biotypes cause cholera disease?
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O1 and O139
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what type of flagella does v. cholerae have?
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single polar flagella (found in saltwater like fish with a single "polar" tail)
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which bacterial disease causes the most dramatic watery diarrhea known?
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Cholera
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what bacteria is most associated with contaminated water and undercooked seafood?
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v. cholerea
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Which three bacteria invade through M-cells?
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Yersinia, SHigella, Salmonella
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which bacteria causes the plague?
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Yersinia Pestis
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3 species of yersinia?
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pestis
pseudotuberculosis enterocolitica |
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which bacteria has high rate of infection in scandinavian and other european countries?
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yersinia enterocolitis (scandinavia is "yer" "enter"ance to the world)
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what are all species of salmonella really?
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salmonella enterica
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which salmonella species only infects humans
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s enterica typhimurium
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which salmonella spercies infects humans AND higher primates?
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S. enterica typhi
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which bacteria causes ruffling of m-cells?
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salmonella
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which bacteria moves laterally through m-cells and only infects stomach cells?
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Shigella (shigella "shi"mmies sideways)
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which bacteria moves vertically through m-cells to infect many different cells?
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salmonella (salmonella moves up the blood stream to other cells like a salmon)
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how can humans get typhoid fever?
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only through other humans
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how is s. enterica typhi different than other salmonella strains?
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gets inside macrophage and m-cells, but stays in macrophages longer. can move to other sites and cause bacteremia (typhoid mary= lasts in body for a long time)
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what does salmonella enterica cause?
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gastroenteritis
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which bacteria possesses an acid tolerant response? Urease?
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Salmonella
H. pylori |
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which has higher infecting dose necessary, shigella or salmonella?
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Salmonella (it takes more to go through to other cells other than gut cells)
Shigella is more acid resistant so it takes less to infect |
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Outbreaks of what disease have increased recently due to large scale food production?
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Gastroenteritis (salmonellosis)
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what two bacteria use actin inside cells to move around? Name of each protein responsible for it?
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Listeria monocytogenes
Shigella ActA and iscA |
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what are two virulence factors of enterobacteriae?
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Pathogenicity Islands (PAIs)
type III secretion |
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what bacteria uses Ipa's? what are they?
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shigella, common plasmid antigens = injected via type III secretion
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is shigella acid resistant? as much as salmonella?
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Yes -> more so than salmonella because more acid resistant
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which enterobacteria has no flagella?
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sHigella has no H antigen
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what is main symptoms of shigellosis?
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dysentary, and lower abdominal cramps
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which bacteria is very related to e. coli?
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shigella
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what are the three common species of shigella?
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flexnari
dysenteriae sonnei |
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which shigella species is most common in developing countries? developed?
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flexneri
sonnei (it's "sunnie"r in developed countries) |
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Most enterobacteriae are what oxygen-use category?
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facultative anaerobes
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what bacteria has the two different types of pili for infection? what are they?
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escherichia coli
P. pili Type 1 pili |
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what bacteria has the three different antigens with letters? what are the letters?
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Enterobacteriae
O = LPS K = capsule H = flagella |
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what bacteria utilizes p pili for attachment?
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E. coli (p. pili for e. coli = kind of rhymes)
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what disease can e. coli cause only if it has p. pili?
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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
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name the 4 toxins that e. coli contains?
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alpha-hemolysin
shiga and shiga-like toxin Labile Toxin Stabile Toxin |
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which e. coli toxin is an AB toxin that prevents protein elongation?
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shiga and shiga-like toxin
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what e. coli toxin is an AB toxin that causes secretion of fluid and electrolytes into bowel lumen?
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Labile Toxin (LT)
Stabile Toxin (ST) |
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which e. coli toxin induces cell death?
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alpha-hemolysin
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what are the five different types of e. coli intestinal infections
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Enterotoxigenic e. coli
enteropathogenic e. coli enteroaggregative e. coli enterohemorrhagic e. coli enteroinvasive 3. coli |
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which e. coli infections produce watery diarrhea?
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EPEC
EAEC ETEC ("PAT" has watery diarrhea) |
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which e. coli infections produce dysentary?
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EHEC
EIEC ("HI" dysentary) |
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which e. coli intestine produces the longest lasting diarrhea?
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EAEC (persistant diarrhea)
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Which e. coli infection is caused by the ST and LT toxins?
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ETEC (Toxins for T)
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Which e. coli infection causes no invasion or inflammation?
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ETEC (LT and ST toxin are sneaky)
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Which e. coli infections cause A/E lesions
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EPEC
EHEC |
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which e. coli infection is caused by circulating shiga toxin?
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EHEC
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what also accompanies EHEC?
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Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
"blood has many hues" |
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which e. coli infection is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in kids less than 2 yo?
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ETEC
(T for Tyke) |
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Which e. coli infections are similar to Shigella?
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EIEC
EHEC (sHIgella) |
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which e. coli infection forms a biofilm on intestinal surface?
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EAEC
(biofilm aggregates on surface) |
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which e. coli infection is mostly caused by strain O157:H7?
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EHEC
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list the e. coli infections by virulence. (least to most)
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ETEC
EPEC EIEC EHEC EAEC |
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which e. coli infection causes "traveler's diarrhea"
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ETEC
(T for travelers and toxins) |
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What are the two most common infections for e. coli?
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Urinary Tract infection
Intestinal infection |
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what is the most common enterobacteriae?
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e. coli
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what is shape and gram stain of the family enterobacteriae?
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gram (-) rod
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name the five most virulent genera of family enterobacteriae for humans.
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Shigella
Escherichia Klebsiella Salmonella Yersinia (SEKSY) |
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What bacteria have the O, K, and H, antigens, and what do they represent?
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Enterobacteria (family)
O = LPS type K = capsule type H = peritrichious flagella |
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Which bacteria has peritrichious flagella? Single Unipolar flagella?
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Enterobacteriae family
vibrio cholerae (b/c it's found in saltwater like fish and they have a single unipolar tail) |
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What two gram + rod bacteria are acid fast?
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Mycobacteria and Nocardia
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Which bacterial infection is prevented with the BCG vaccine?
What exactly is the BCG vaccine made of |
Mycobacteria tuberculosis
Live attenuated derivative of M. Bovis |
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What are the two most clinically important Mycobacteria types?
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Tuberculosis
Leprae |
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what are the two type of Mycobacteria Leprae? which one is more infectious
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Tuberculin form
lepromatous form lepromatous form more infective |
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Oxygen use of Mycobacteria?
specifically what gas is needed to grow? high or low infectivity? high or low virulence in healthy people? |
strict aerobes
(bc tuberculosis is an infection in the air!) CO2 (myCObacteria) High infectivity Low virulence |
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what is major virulence factor in mycobacteria and what does it do?
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Mycolic acids in cell wall that resists macrophagic digestion
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How do you test for TB?
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skin test using PPDs
(purified protein derivatives of M. Tb) |
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what bacteria causes a primary infection, but can also be recurrant when host defenses are down due to old age or sickness
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mycobacteria tuberculosis
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what is oxygen use category of mycobacteria?
Gram stain? |
aerobe (TB is in lungs)
gram + rod |
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what is best treatment for tuberculosis?
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combination therapy of antibiotics (rifampin, isoniazide, etc.)
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what are the two endospore forming gram + bacteria?
which one is aerobic? which one is anaerobic? |
Bacillus and clostridium
Bacillus Clostridium |
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what are the four medically relevant species of clostridia?
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Perfringins
Tetani Botulinum Difficile |
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which bacteria causes lumpy jaw?
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Actinomyces (cervicofacial actinomycosis) A. israelli
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What is actinomyces role in plaque?
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primary colonizers
high number in healthy sites |
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what is structure of actinomyces?
Oxygen use category? |
tree like filamentous structure
"actin"omyces = actin filaments Microaerophilic |
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Where are propionobacteria found?
Gram stain and shape? |
normal flora of skin
gram + rod |
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Where are Eubacteria found?
Gram stain and shape? |
Normal flora of colon
Gram + rod |
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what is the most potent toxin known in nature?
what is lethal dose? |
botulinum toxin
<1 microgram (resistant to gut acid) |
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which actinomyces species is associated with endodontic infections?
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A. odonotolyticus
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what type of toxin is botulinum toxin?
what type of conditions does it like? |
neurotoxin
alkaline conditions |
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what bacteria species is responsible for the most common food-borne illness in developed countries?
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Clostridium perfringins
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what type of toxin is c. perfringins?
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histotoxin
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What type of toxin is c. tetani?
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neurotoxin
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what type of toxin is c. difficile?
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enterotoxin and cytotoxin
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which clostridium species has double zone hemolysis?
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c. perfringins ("per"forates through two zones)
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what two things do all clostridia produce?
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spores
Exotoxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, iota) |
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what bacteria is associated with antibiotic associated diarrhea and pseudomembraneous colitis?
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c. difficile
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what does the difficile refer to in clostridia difficile?
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the difficulty growing the bacteria in O2 (because it's anaerobic!)
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what is the name of the toxin produced by c. tetani?
|
tetanospasmin
(muscle tetanus causes "spasms") |
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which clostridia species has a relapse rate of 20%?
why? |
c. difficile
it is normal flora in some people so can come back as an opportunistic infection (ie) Antibiotic associated diarrhea) |
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Which bacteria ferments lactose to produce acid?
where is it beneficial? where is it harmful? why both? |
lactobacilli
urogenital tract oral cavity (cariogenic) produces acid (which kills invading bacteria in urogenital tract but demineralizes teeth |
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what is gram stain and shape of lactobacillus?
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gram + rod (bacillus)
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what bacteria was the first vaccine created against?
who developed it? |
bacillus anthracis
Louis Pasteur |
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what bacteria was koch's postulate developed based on?
|
bacillus anthracis
|
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what are the four tenets of Koch's postulate?
|
1. Present in disease
2. curing disease means organism disappears 3. same species in human/animals leads to same disease always 4. curing the disease in the innoculated animal also means the organism disappears |
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What is gram stain and shape of bacillus?
Oxygen use category? what is so special about it? |
gram + rod
facultative anaerobe only aerobic spore forming bacteria |
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what are the three virulence factors of b. anthracis?
|
capsule
lethal toxins edema toxins (anthrax scare in CLE) |
|
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What are the three main virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes?
|
Internalin
Listeriolysin (LLO) ActA |
|
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What bacteria has virulence factor close to ActA?
what is it called? how is it used? |
Shigella
iscA Ipa 1,2,3,4 injected via type III secretion |
|
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does Listeria monocytogenes have flagella?
|
Yes, but they aren't motile at 37 degrees celcius (the temp inside a cell) so they need ActA to move around
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which gram + bacteria can be transmitted transplacentally to fetus?
which gram -? |
listeria monocytogenes and tuberculosis
T. pallidum (syphilis) |
|
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what hemolytic pattern does Listeria monocytogenes display?
|
Beta-hemolytic
|
|
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which bacteria can grow in refrigerator in cheese and milk?
|
listeria monocytogenes
|
|
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what is gram stain and structure of Listeria monocytogenes?
|
gram + rod
|
|
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What genus has DT toxin?
|
Corynebacterium (diptheriae)
|
|
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what exactly does DT toxin do?
|
it is an A-B toxin that uses the b portion to bind to the cell, and the a toxin affects the cell by acting on EF-2 and blocking protein synthesis.
|
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how many DT toxins are needed to inactivate all EF-2 in a cell?
|
only one molecule=> it's very powerful
|
|
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how is corynebacterium spread?
|
droplet spread or direct contact
|
|
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what is gram stain and structure of corynebacteria?
most common species? oxygen use category? |
gram + rod
corynebacterium diptheriae facultative anaerobe (corn is very versatile and can even grow in ohio) |
|
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what is the major virulence factor of c. diptheriae?
what's its hemolytic pattern? |
DT toxin
non-hemolytic (it just "dips" in without lysing anything) |
|
|
definition of biofilm
|
microbial community grown on ANY surface
|
|
|
what is another word for dental plaque?
|
biofilm
|
|
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what is the composition of biofilm
|
80% EPS
10-15% bacterial cells 5% water and nutrient channels |
|
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What are the two shapes of biofilm?
|
towers and mushrooms
|
|
|
characteristics of biofilm?
|
Self assembly
mix and match cell cell communication programmed for development responsive to nutrient opportunities metabolically efficient and capable of distributing nutrient and energy capable of propagation by sloughing or dispersal genetic transfer of pathogenicity |
|
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is there an organization to plaque/biofilm?
|
yes -> towers and mushrooms with channels running between
|
|
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are antibiotics more successful at killing bacteria in planktonic environment (suspended or in fluid) or in sessile environment (biofilm)?
|
Planktonic -> they are much harder to kill when they exist in a biofilm because they "protect" each other
|
|
|
how do bacterial cells communicate in biofilm?
|
Quorom sensing
-sense the concentration of signaling molecules. |
|
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what are the signaling molecules in biofilm?
|
acylated homoserine lactones
|
|
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what are the bacteria in biofilm resistant to?
|
antibiotics
|
|
|
which two enterobacteriae are strict human pathogens?
|
Shigella
Salmonella serotype typhi |
|
|
what are the two microbial complexes in subgingival plaque that are associated with Periodontal Disease?
|
Red and Orange complexes
|
|
|
Name the three bacteria in the Red complex of subgingival plaque
|
P. gingivalis
Tannerella forsynthisa Treponema denticola |
|
|
what bacteria are implicated in ANUG?
|
Spirochaetes and F. nucleatum
|
|
|
what bacteria is implicated in Localized Juvenile Periodontitis?
|
A. actinomycetemcomitans
|
|
|
What bacteria is implicated in recurrant periodontitis?
|
tannerella forsynthisa
|
|
|
which bacteria are implicated in Periodontal abcesses?
|
B. gingivalis
Fusobacterium spp. (abcesses are Funny Bubbles) |
|
|
what is gram reaction of subgingival plaque?
Supragingival plaque? |
Dominated by gram -
both gram + and - |
|
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What bacterial morphotypes (shapes) are in supragingival plaque?
subgingival plaque? |
rods, cocci, filaments, spirochetes
dominated by rods and spirochetes |
|
|
what is energy metabolism of bacteria in subgingival plaque?
Supragingival plaque? |
dominated by anaerobes
both facultative and anaerobes |
|
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what is energy source of subgingival plaque?
supragingival plaque? |
mostly proteolytic types for energy
ferment carbohydrates |
|
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what is motility of subgingival plaque?
Supragingival plaque? |
not much adherence - many motile forms
firmly adheres to plaque matrix - not motile |
|
|
what diseases does supragingival plaque cause?
subgingival plaque? |
caries and gingivitis
gingivitis and periodontitis so... both can cause gingivitis but only subgingival can cause periodontitis |
|
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what are the three components of destructive periodontal disease?
|
susceptible host
presence of pathogens absence of beneficial species |
|
|
what is the predominant bacterial organism in plaque?
|
S. sanguis
|
|
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is s. sanguis an early or late colonizer?
|
early
|
|
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which bacteria can adhere to salivary molecules to form a pellicle on tooth surface?
|
s. sanguis
|
|
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Is actinomyces an early or late colonizer?
|
early
(you gotta "act" early) |
|
|
is actinomyces endogenous to oral cavity?
|
yes
(root caries) |
|
|
which bacteria has an ampipathic relationship with oral cavity and can cause lumpy jaw?
|
Actinomyces
(craniofacial actinomycosis = lumpy jaw) |
|
|
what is gram stain and oxygen metabolism of fusobacterium species?
|
gram - anaerobe
|
|
|
which bacteria in plaque coaggregates with the widest variety of oral bacteria?
|
fusobacterium nucleatum
|
|
|
what is one of the most numerous bacteria found in subgingival samples of both healthy and diseased states?
|
f. nucleatum
(it is the "nucleus" of the subgingival plaque) |
|
|
what is the dominant gram - organism that replaces beneficial gram + bacteria in the progression to gingivitis and periodontitis?
|
f. nucleatum
|
|
|
what does "corn-cob structure" refer to in oral bacteria?
|
when a fusobacterium (nucleatus) has many other primary and secondary colonizers attached to it it looks like a corn cob under the microscope
|
|
|
what bacterial species is referred to as the dumpster species?
|
Bacteroides group
|
|
|
which bacteria used to be in the bacteroides group but is now classified differently?
|
Taneralla forsythia
|
|
|
what are the subspecies in the bacteroides group?
|
b. fragelis, prevotella, porphyromonas
|
|
|
what are the most commonly isolated organisms in anaerobic oral infections?
|
bacteroides group:
b. fragelis, porphyromonas, prevotella |
|
|
what is shape, gram stain, and oxygen use of bacteroides group?
|
gram - rods, strict anaerobes (bc porphyromonas is subgingival)
|
|
|
porphyromonas and prevotella form what on blood agar?
|
black colonies
|
|
|
list the three most common causes of human infection by gram - anaerobic bacteria
|
1. Bf (Tanerella forsythia)
2. Porphyromonas 3. Prevotella |
|
|
what drug is prevotella and porphyromona sensitive to?
|
penicillin
|
|
|
what does P. gingivalis need to grow?
|
Hemin and menadione (electron carrier in ETS)
hemin is what gives p. gingivalis its black color |
|
|
Prevotella and Porphyromona are also called what based on their color?
|
BPBs
(Black pigmented bacteroides) |
|
|
what is the old name of tanerella forsythia?
|
bacteroides forsythus
|
|
|
what specific periodontal disease is caused by tanerella forsythia?
|
refractory periodontitis
|
|
|
which bacteria has characteristic dome-shaped structural subunits in their outer layer?
|
tannerella forsythia
|
|
|
which two bacteria are BPBs?
|
prevotella and porphyromonas
|
|
|
what exotoxin does A. actinomycetemcomitans produce and what does it do?
|
leukotoxin (heat labile, kills PMNs and monocytes)
Leukotoxin for Ljp ("Luke" has localized juvenile periodontitis) |
|
|
what are the four major bacteria in dental caries? which one is associated with root caries?
|
s. mutans
s. sobrinus lactobacilli actinomyces spp. (root caries) |
|
|
which bacteria metabolizes lactic acid, is beneficial, but can be pathogenic in immunocompromised people?
|
Veillonella (ANUP in AIDS patients)
|
|
|
for the pellicle formation, what comes first, sucrose dependent or independent attachment?
|
sucrose independent
|
|
|
what hemolytic pattern does corynebacterium show?
|
NON-hemolytic
(come on, corn never hurt anybody!) |
|
|
what is gram stain, shape, and oxygen use of veillonella?
|
gram - cocci
Anaerobe (needs to be "veiled" from oxygen) |
|
|
what are the three species of veillonella?
|
v. parvula
v. dispar v. atypica |
|
|
what two reasons make veillonella a "beneficial bacteria"
|
1. metabolizes lactic acid produced by other bacteria into pyruvic acid (acetic and propionic acid)
2. It's found in higher numbers in PD healthy sites than diseased |
|
|
what bacteria is found in high numbers in HIV patients with Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis?
|
Veillonella
(opportunistic in compromised individuals) |
|
|
What are the two pathogenic species of Neisseria?
|
N. Gonnorrhoeae
N. Meningitidis |
|
|
what is gram stain, shape, and oxygen usage of Neisseria?
|
gram - diplococci
aerobic (Meningitis is in air) |
|
|
what is the only gram - diplococci?
|
Neisseria
|
|
|
which Neisseria species has a polysaccharide capsule? which doesn't?
|
N. meningitides has one
N. gonnorrhoeae does not (the capsule is all "gon"e) |
|
|
How is N. meningitides spread?
What about N. gonnorhoeae? |
Inhalation of respiratory droplet
Sexual contact of mucosal surfaces |
|
|
Which Neisseria species does not grow on blood agar? WHy?
|
N. gonnorrhoeae because it does not have a capsule to protect it
|
|
|
What agar do BOTH Neisseria species grow on?
|
ML agar
|
|
|
What does N. meningitides produce that can cause infection after bacteria is dead?
|
Vesicles with bad shit in them
|
|
|
What is major virulence factor of N. gonorrhoeae? what two things does it allow the bacteria to do
|
Pili
for adherence and iron sequestering |
|
|
which Neisseria species can you not develop immunity to? Why?
|
N. gonorrhoeae because of:
Antigenic variation of: Pili Outer membrane Opa proteins (which mediate binding to epithelial and phagocytic cells) |
|
|
What are the three ways to spread N. gonorrhoeae?
|
Intercourse, of the sexual kind ;)
Oral-genital Oral-anal |
|
|
are males or females more symptomatic for gonorrhea?
what can this lead to in the less symptomatic sex? |
Males = 95% symptomatic
Females = 50% Could lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease |
|
|
Which Neisseria species has a higher probability of reinfection? why?
|
N. gonorrhea
because no immunity developed due to antigenic variation |
|
|
for what group is transmission of N. meningitides most common?
|
within the family
=1000x greater than non-family |
|
|
How is N. meningitides infection related to antibody production in body?
What age is most susceptible to it? |
Inversely related
Infacts 6-24 months are most susceptible because this is the time between when they stop getting Antibodies from mother (milk) and when they start producing their own. |
|
|
can you develop immunity to N. meningitidis? Why?
|
yes
-> no antigenic variation! |
|
|
What are the three genii (?) of gram + cocci?
|
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus Enterococcus (gut) |
|
|
what is the major way streptococcus species are categorized?
|
Lancefield group
(streptococcus is gay and so is lance bass) |
|
|
what is gram stain, shape, color, and oxygen use of Streptococcus?
|
gram + chain of cocci
White (not gold like Staph "Au"reus) Facultative anaerobe (both gram + cocci are facultative) |
|
|
What is another name for Strep pyogenes?
|
Group A strep
|
|
|
What is another name for Group A strep?
|
Strep. pyogenes
|
|
|
What is another name for strep. agalactiae?
|
Group B strep
(s. A galactiae is NOT A) |
|
|
What is another name for Group B strep?
|
Strep agalactiae
|
|
|
What bacteria is responsible for neonatal sepsis, meningitis, and pyogenic infections?
|
Strep Agalactiae (Group B strep)
B for babies |
|
|
What bacteria is responsible for strep throat, impetigo, pyogenic infection, rheumatic fever, and toxic shock?
|
Strep pyogenes (Group A strep)
(AAAAAh for the sound you make when they shove the gag-stick down your throat to test for strep throat) |
|
|
what is Hemolytic pattern of Group A and B Streptococcus?
|
Beta-hemolytic
(group b is sometimes non-hemolytic) |
|
|
what is alpha hemolysis?
|
narrow zone of partial hemolysis
|
|
|
what is beta hemolysis?
|
wide, clear, translucent zone of complex hemolysis around colony
|
|
|
what are the three most common oral strep species?
what is their hemolytic pattern? |
S. sanguis
s. mutans s. salivarius alpha-hemolytic |
|
|
what is hemolytic pattern of pneumococcus strep?
|
alpha hemolytic
|
|
|
what is hemolytic pattern of s. pneumoniae?
|
alpha hemolytic
|
|
|
which strep species is responsible for meningitis, otitis media, and pyogenic infections? (along with another one)
|
S. pneumoniae (also responsible for pneumonia)
|
|
|
which gram + cocci is involved in endodontic infections?
|
Enterococcus
(e for endo) |
|
|
what are the five strep species that are primary colonizers?
|
s. sanguis
s. salivarius s. mutans s. oralis s. gordonii "smogs" are not good for the oral cavity and either are these bitches |
|
|
name the four major groups of streptococcal oral bacteria
|
Mutans
Salivarius Anginosus Mitis |
|
|
what two mechanisms does s. mutans use to adhere to tooth?
|
GTF and GBP
glucosyltransferase and glucan binding protein |
|
|
what do ALL bacteria that can colonize in the body have? why?
|
adhesins
because they need to be able to stick to stay! |
|
|
What is the name given to the characteristic of bacteria where they have multiple components serving the same purpose?
|
Functional redundancy
(ie) the adhesins -> many different ones so that if one fails to form, they can still adhere with the others |
|
|
What group do ALL oral streptococcal species belong to?
hemolytic pattern? |
Viridans
alpha hemolytic |
|
|
What are the two major toxins produced by staphylococcus aureus?
|
Cytotoxins (for cell lysis)
Toxic Shock syndrom toxin (TSST-1) |
|
|
Which bacteria cause toxic shock?
|
Staph aureus
(Strep. pyogenes too to a smaller extent) |
|
|
what two enzymes do s. aureus produce to escape host defenses?
|
Coagulase (the only bacteria to produce this)
Protein A |
|
|
What does Protein A do?
What bacteria produces it? |
binds to Fc portion of Ig and macrophage cannot recognize the bacteria, so it evades phagocytosis
produced by staph aureus |
|
|
What is the only bacteria to produce Coagulase?
WHat does it do? |
Staph aureus
clots blood |
|
|
what is the major way to differentiate between different staph strains?
|
Bacteriophage typing
|
|
|
What is the mechanism behind phage typing?
|
used to differentiate bw staph strains
coat plate with bacteria, put a bunch of different bacteriophages on it (that kill bacteria) and see which ones are able to produce a clear spot different strains are susceptible to different bacteriophage combos! |
|
|
What bacteria is able to colonize catheters as a biofilm? which species?
|
ALL staph species
|
|
|
what is gram stain, shape, color, oxygen use of Staphylococci?
|
gram +
Cocci (in a cluster) Gold (s. Aureus for gold) Facultative anaerobe (all gram + cocci are facultative) |
|
|
what are the three pathogenic species of Staphylococci?
|
S. aureus
S. epidermidis S. saprophyticus |
|
|
WHere is staph epidermidis found?
S. saprophyticus? |
skin
Urinary tract |
|
|
do staphylococci contain a capsule?
|
yes
|
|
|
what two gram + Genii (?) are found in oral cavity?
|
Streptococcus
Peptostreptococcus (enterococcus too when it is in endodontic infection) |
|
|
what are the 3 shapes of bacteria?
|
Coccus
Bacillus Spirochaete |
|
|
What molecule must be involved for a hypersensitivity to be classified as type I?
|
IgE
|
|
|
What actually produces the allergic response in type I hypersensitivity?
|
Mast cell degranulation caused by IgE - Immediate Response
Late response - activation of Phospholipase A2 breaks down Arachidonic Acid via cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase pathways |
|
|
What is broken down and produced in the cyclooxygenase pathway?
|
Arachidonic Acid broken down by Phospholipase A2 to form Thromboxanes and Prostaglandins.
|
|
|
What is broken down and produced in the lipooxygenase pathway?
|
Arachidonic Acid broken down by Phospholipase A2 into Slow Reacting Substances (SRS - SRS A in particular)
|
|
|
WHat are the four molecules/types of molecules released by mast cells during Type I HS reaction?
|
1. Histamine - vasodilator increase permeability and bronchoconstriction
2. Heparin - anti clot 3. Porteolytic enzymes 4. Chemotactic factors (ECF A) |
|
|
What determines one's response level to Type I hpersensitivity?
|
Genetics
Non response is dominant Both parents allergic = 50% One parent allergic = 30% Neither = 12% |
|
|
Which two HLA types are associated with High responders for Type I HS?
|
HLA B-8
HLA DW-3 |
|
|
WHat three things is Arachidonic Acid broken down into?
|
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes Platelet Activating Factor |
|
|
What determines symptomology of Type I HS?
|
where the reaction occurs in body (GI tract, airways, Blood Vessels, Skin)
|
|
|
What is the severe life threatening form of type I HS?
|
Systemic anaphylaxis
|
|
|
WHat is the most common route of entry for a systemic anaphylaxis type of Type I HS?
|
Parenteral - IV or injection
Because it's in blood and can be distributed widely |
|
|
What type of Type I HS allergic reaction does someone have the first time they come into contact with an allergen?
|
Nothing. It is the sensitizing dose.
|
|
|
What happens during the latent period of Type I HS?
|
IgE's attach to mast cells via Fcepsilon receptor
|
|
|
what is another name for the secondary contact for type I HS?
|
Shocking dose
|
|
|
What is anaphylactic shock?
|
A type of hypovolemic shock caused by decrease of fluid in Blood Vessels due to response of mast cells during Type I HS.
|
|
|
What is the drug of choice to treat Anaphylactic shock?
|
Epinephrine
|
|
|
What do antihistamines do to mediate Type I HS rxn?
|
they just bind the histamines that have been released already. They do not reverse the process or prevent release of more histamines.
|
|
|
Which type of HS rxn is cromolyn used for? what does it do?
|
Type I HS
It stabilizes mast cells and basophils to prevent degranulation Must be taken prior to exposure to allergen |
|
|
What type of HS rxn is Theophylline used for? what does it to?
|
Type I HS
It blocks phosphodiesterase from breaking down cAMP and lowering the levels (which would lead to mast cell degranulation) |
|
|
What type of HS rxn are corticosteroids used for? what do they do?
|
Type I HS
they are antiinflammatories |
|
|
What is the subcutaneous dose of epinephrine to treat Anaphylaxis?
|
1:1000
.1-.5 mL every 10-15 min as needed |
|
|
What is the IV dose of epi to treat anaphylaxis?
|
1:1000
.1-.25 mL as needed (not as frequent as subcutaneous) |
|
|
What is another name for type II HS rxn?
|
Cytotoxic (bc it leads to cell lysis)
|
|
|
What antibody or antibodies are involved in type II HS? Why
WHich one is never involved? |
IgG or IgM
-because complement is involved and these two activate complement Never IgE -> that is Type I |
|
|
What is the basic mechanism behind type II HS rxn?
|
Allergen binds to IgG or IgM on target cell. Complement is activated and initiates Membrane Attack complex C9?
|
|
|
what does C3b activation lead to?
WHat HS rxn is this involved in sometimes? |
Chemotaxis of neutrophils and lysosomal release (leading to cell lysis)
Type II HS |
|
|
what type of HS rxn is a blood cell reaction (to A B or O)?
|
type II
|
|
|
People with type A blood have iso-Antibodies to what type?
|
type B blood -> foreign
|
|
|
People with type AB blood have iso-antibodies to what type?
|
none -> they have both (they are universal acceptors)
|
|
|
People with type O blood have iso-antibodies to what type?
|
Both A and B
|
|
|
What type of antibodies are iso-antibodies to blood?
A person with what blood type can lead to what other iso-antibody type? |
IgM
Type O - could have IgG's against A and B (type II HS is IgM mostly but sometimes IgG) |
|
|
What do the isoantibodies do during a mismatch of a blood transfusion? what type HS rxn?
|
THey cause agglutination of RBCs and activate complement
|
|
|
Where do IgM molecules bind on RBC during Type II HS? What does this usually do in health?
|
Zeta potential zone
it is the zone around RBCs that keep them apart |
|
|
What type of HS rxn causes Hemolytic anemia?
What exactly is it? |
Type II HS
RBCs are lysed due iso antibodies causing agglutination and MAC on ABO antigens. THis leads to a decreased RBC count and anemia due to "hemolysis" |
|
|
WHich rhesus antigen is dominant?
|
RhD+ = 85% of pop
RhD- = 15% of pop |
|
|
where are there no Ab's against RhD in body?
|
in gut
|
|
|
WHat antibody type is implicated in Hemolytic disease of Newborn?
|
IgG's
against RhD+ from previous exposure during birth of first child |
|
|
what type of mother is needed for a hemolytic disease of newborn to occur?
|
RhD- mother with previous exposure during pregnancy and birth of RhD+ child.
|
|
|
What is the key feature of Hemolytic disease of the newborn?
|
Hemolysis of RBCs WITHOUT agglutination
(because IgG is involved and activates complement and IgG does not cause agglutination) |
|
|
What is rhogam and what does it do?
|
It is a medication to prevent hemolytic disease of newborn (type II HS).
It is an anti - Rh IgG injection |
|
|
what type of HS rxn is a drug rxn?
|
Type II HS (drug may bind to surface of cell and Ab recognizes the Ag on the cell and lyses the cell)
|
|
|
what type of HS rxn is a hyperacute transplant rxn? What is another name for this phenomenon?
|
Type II HS
preformed Ab against graft cells react with Ag on transplant (Abs formed during first exposure to the Ag) White transplant (bc no blood goes in or out since it is so fast "hyperacute" |
|
|
What type of HS rxn is a glomerular basement membrane rxn?
|
Type II HS
formation fo Abs against basement membrane and if it is exposed it gets attacked. (pasteurs syndrom and glomeruli something) |
|
|
WHat is another name for a Type III HS rxn?
|
Immune complex
|
|
|
What Ig forms the basis of the Type III HS rxn?
|
IgG
|
|
|
What is mechanism behind type III HS?
|
IgG binds to Ag and forms an immune complex of Ag+Ab+/- C, which initiates a PMN inflammation rxn.
The Ag-Ab complexes plate out onto wall of blood vessel Complement is activated and causes eruption of BASOPHIL w/ vasoactive amines. These two things cause BV wall inflammation |
|
|
What type of HS rxn is serum sickness?
|
Type III HS
Ag-Ab-C complex with serum proteins |
|
|
What type of HS rxn is arthus rxn?
|
Type III HS
Local rxn if we repeatedly inject Ag into skin. Abs form, form complexes and cause LOCAL edema, hemorrhage, necrosis. |
|
|
what type of HS rxn are seen with persistant infections? mostly with what infection?
|
Type III HS
MOstly Hep B -Ag is being shed from infectious agent, and cause Ab making and immune complex later |
|
|
What type of HS rxn is seen with Autoimmunity and SLE?
|
Type III HS
WIth SLE you have antibodies against nuclear proteins. Self Ag + anti-self Ab -> immune complex |
|
|
what type of HS rxn is implicated in environmental antigens like farmer's lung and pigeon farmer's disease?
|
Type III HS
|
|
|
What is main difference of type IV HS compared to the other three?
|
it is due to T-cell immunization. All the others are Igs (IgE, IgM and IgG, IgG)
|
|
|
what is the end result of a Type IV HS?
|
the destruction of any cell displaying the antigen a T-CELL is sensitized to.
|
|
|
What is another name for Type IV HS?
|
delayed or Cell-mediated
|
|
|
What are five clinical manifestations of Type III HS?
|
Serum Sickness
Persistent infections Arthus reaction Complication of autoimmunity Environmental antigens (SPACE) |
|
|
What type of HS rxn is contact dermatitis?
|
Type IV
|
|
|
What type of HS rxn is response to infectious disease organism -like TB?
|
Type IV
Not only is the infected cell destroyed, but healthy tissue too! |
|
|
What is mechanism behind type IV HS rxn?
|
CD4 T-cells emit cytokines (and CD8 T-cells destroy cells with Ag on MHC class I) that activate macrophages to destroy target cell, healthy tissue can be damaged too.
|
|
|
What type of HS rxn do we have to Poison Ivy or poison oak?
|
type IV HS.
|
|
|
What type of HS rxn is wheal-flare seen?
Induration? |
Type I HS
Type IV HS |
|
|
WHat is difference between hypersensitivity and intolerance?
|
Intolerance is not an allergy, it is just the body not being able to tolerate the drug/food. It is caused by the drug/food, and not an allergic rxn to it!
|
|
|
Is self tolerance passively or actively maintained?
|
Actively
|
|
|
What is central tolerance?
When does it occur? |
Deletion of lymphocytes specific for self antigens present in generative organs (where they are made)
Early in lymphocye life cycle |
|
|
what is peripheral tolerance?
|
Deletion or anergy of lymphocytes that recognize self antigens in peripheral tissues
must be maintained |
|
|
WHere does central tolerance take place?
|
Thymus or other central organ (bone marrow)
|
|
|
is clonal anergy due to presentation by non-activated APC central or peripheral self-tolerance?
|
Peripheral self-tolerance
|
|
|
What is major mechanism behind peripheral tolerance?
|
Non activated APC lacks B7-COSTIMULATOR
Presentation of the self Ag without B7 leads to nonresponsive T-cell anergy (when these t-cells actually come into contact with an APC with B7 costimulator, they don't respond |
|
|
What are two other forms of peripheral tolerance aside from B7 Costimulator mechanism?
|
Apoptosis due to high-dose self Ag presentation (like during development)
Suppression of immune response by suppressor T-cells |
|
|
There is a genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases based on what?
|
HLA system
|
|
|
DIrect activation of what cell type (bypassing what other cell type) can lead to production of autoanitbodies and autoimmunity?
WHat type of disease uses this? |
direct activation of polyclonal b-cells
bypass Th or Ts regulation Viruses use this (Epstein barr, LPS, etc.) |
|
|
What is normal ratio of Th to Ts?
What can it be during autoimmune disease? What is the change in ratio due to? |
normal is 2:1 Th:Ts
autoimmune could be 10-15:1 Due to drop in Ts cells NOT due to increase in Th cells. |
|
|
Is there a higher frequency of autoimmune disease in males or females?
|
Females (due to hormonal factors)
|
|
|
What causes Systemic lupus Erythmatosis (SLE)?
|
deficiency in classical complement pathway
Associated with antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) ANAs destroy tissues and cells or form immune complexes (causing loss of self-tolerance) |
|
|
What causes Hashimoto's thyroiditis? What is it?
|
Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis - hypothyroidism bc t-cells attack cells of thyroid
-HLADR 5 highly associated (Hashimoto is suicidal and attacks its own cells) |
|
|
What causes myasthenia gravis? What is it?
|
Serious muscle weakness
Ig's block Acetylcholine receptors of post synaptic neuromuscular jxn, Ac can't reach muscle fiber for AP generation |
|
|
What causes Rheumatoid arthritis? what is it?
|
Systemic autoimmunity affecting synovial tissues (joints)
abnormal B- and T-cell interactions where TNF and other cytokines are released causing inflammation and destruction Related to HLA DR4 |
|
|
What causes scleroderma? what is it?
|
autoimmune disease characterized by hardening or sclerosis of skin and organs.
overproduction of collagen bc kinetochores of chromosomes are attacked by immune system -T-cells rush in and emit cytokines that promote fibroblast building of collagen |
|
|
What is Sjorgen's syndrome? what causes it?
|
immune cells attack and destroy exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva (xerostomia)
|
|
|
What is Type I Diabetes Mellitus? What causes it?
|
Autoimmune disorder where T-cells attack the beta cells in the islet of langerhans in the pancreas
Deficiency in insulin and glycemic probs |
|
|
what is pernicious anemia? what causes it?
|
megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 anemia.
autoantibodies attack cells of gastric mucosa. Therefore, can't absorb B12. |
|
|
What is Pemphigus Vulgaris? what causes it?
|
autoimmune blistering disease (pemphigus = pimple)
due to antibodies against desmoglein, which glues desmosome to epidermal cells. (desmoglein=desmoglue) They no longer stick together and slough off as blisters. |
|
|
What is Bullous pemphigoid? what causes it?
|
autoimmune skin disease with Abs against type 17 collagen, which is a component of hemidesmosomes (blisters form BELOW skin)
|
|
|
What is multiple sclerosis? what causes it?
|
autoimmune disease where immune system attacks CNS leading to demyelination of axons.
Scars in white matter of brain and spinal cord and physical and cognitive disability results |
|
|
What is grave's disease? What causes it?
|
Autoimmune disease caused by antibodies to the receptor for TSH.
Leads to hyperthyroidism bc the antibodies are chronically stimulating the thyroid to produce abnormal level of T3 and T4. |
|
|
How long does Type IV HS rxn occur after contact with allergen?
|
48-72 hrs
|
|
|
What bacteria can be found with Cystic Fibrosis? how does it cause it?
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-elastase |
|
|
does the flow rate of gingival crevicular fluid increase or decrease during disease?
|
Increases
|
