Badm Lecture 9

Front 1

Computer network

Back 1

is a system that connects computers via communications media so that data can be transmitted among them

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Local area network (LAN)

Back 2

connects two or more devices in a limited geographical region.

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LAN

Back 3

consists of the following components:

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LAN file server

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is a repository of various software and data files for the network

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Nodes

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are the client machines on the LAN.
Wired or wireless communication media that connects the devices.

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LAN network interface card (NIC)

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is a special adapter that links an individual device to the communication medium and specifies:
The rate of data tramsmission;
The size of the message units;
Addressing information attached to each message;
The network topology.

Front 7

Network operating system (NOS)

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manages the server and routes and manages communications on the network.

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Star

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all network nodes connect to a single computer, typically the file server.

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Bus

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all network nodes connect to the bus, which is a single communications channel, such as twisted pair, coaxial calbe, or fiber optic cable.

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Ring

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network nodes are connected to adjacent nodes to form a closed loop.

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Wide area networks (WANs)

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are networks that cover large geographic areas.
WANs typically connect multiple LANs.
WANs have large capacity and combine multiple channels (fiber optic, satellite, microwave, etc.).
WANs provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies (Sprint, AT&T, etc.).

Front 12

Value-added network (VAN)

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are private, data-only networks managed by outside third-parties that provide these networks to multiple organizations.

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Enterprise network

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is an organization’s interconnected network of multiple LANs and also can include multiple WANs.

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Backbone networks

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are corporate high-speed central networks to which multiple smaller networks such as LANs called embedded LANs and smaller WANs connect.

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Internet (“the Net”)

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is a global WAN that connects approximately 1 million internal organizational computer networks in more that 200 countries on all continents.

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ARPANET

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An experimental project started by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in 1969
To share data, exchange messages, transfer files.

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Intranet

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is a network designed to serve the internal informational needs of a single organization.

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Extranet

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connects part of the intranets of different organizations and allows for secure communications among business partners over the Internet using virtual private networks.

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Virtual private network (VPNs)

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are private communications networks that use the internet for transmission.

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Tunneling

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encrypts the data packet to be sent, and places it inside another packet; which provides confidentiality, authentication and integrity of the message.

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Darknets

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are private networks that run on the Internet but are open only to users who belong to the network.
Three major uses:
Freedom of speech where censorship exists;
Corporate security to protect sensitive data;
Copyright infringement - file-sharing software.

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Internet Protocol (IP)

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the set of rules used to send and receive packets from one machine to another over the Internet.

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Packet switching

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is a transmission technology that breaks up blocks of text into small, fixed bundles of data called packets.

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Internet Service Provider (ISP)

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is a company that offers Internet connections for a fee. Examples are AOL, Comcast, Verizon.

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Network access points (NAPs)

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are an exchange point for Internet traffic. NAPs are key components of the Internet backbone.

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Internet Kiosks

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are terminals located in public places like libraries and airports for people who do not have computers.
Internet assess from cell phones, pagers and even connecting via satellite.

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IP address

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Each computer on the Internet has an assigned address, called an

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Domain Name System (DNS)

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the naming system for IP addresses of companies

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Domain names

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consist of multiple parts, separated by dots, which are read from right to left. (i.e. www.internic.com)

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Internet2

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develops and deploys advanced network applications such as remote medical diagnosis, digital libraries, distance education, online simulation and virtual libraries www.Internet2.edu

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Next Generation Internet (NGI)

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government sponsored initiative aimed at creating an Internet that is fast, always on, everywhere, natural, intelligent, easy and trusted. www.ngi.gov

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vBNS

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is a high-speed network designed to support the academic Internet2 and the NGI initiatives.

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World Wide Web (the Web, WWW, W3)

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is a system of universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting and displaying information via a client/server architecture and a graphical user interface.

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Home page

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is a text and graphical screen display that welcomes the user and explains the organization that has established the page.

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Web site

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is all the pages of the organization.

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Webmaster

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the person in charge of the organization’s Web site.

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Uniform resource locator (URL)

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points to an address of a specific resource on the Web.

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Hypertext transport protocol (HTTP)

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is the communications standard used to transport pages across the Web portion of the Internet.

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Browsers

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provide a graphical front end that enable users to point-and-click their way across the Web, a process called surfing.
Provide a uniform interface regardless of operating system.
Leading browsers are Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, Mozilla’s Firefox, Netscape Navigator.

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Network applications

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support businesses and other types of organizations in all types of functions including those in the following major categories:
Discovery
Communications
Collaboration
Web services

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Discovery

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allows users to browse and search data sources, in all topic areas, on the Web.

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Search engine

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is a computer program that searches for specific information by key words and reports the result

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Directory

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is a hierarchically organized collection of links to Web pages.

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Metasearch engines

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search several engines at once and integrate the findings of the various search engines to answer queries posted by users. www.dogpile.com

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Software agents

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are computer programs that carry out a set of routine computer tasks on behalf of the user and in so doing employ some sort of knowledge of the user’s goals

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Software Agents

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Web-browsing-assisting agents offer the use of a tour of the Internet. www.netcaptor.com
FAQ agents make it easy to find answers on the Internet. www.ask.com
Intelligent-indexing agents (also called Web robots and spiders) carry out massive autonomous searches of the Web for a user.

Front 47

Toolbars

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is a horizontal row or vertical column of selectable image icons or buttons. www.toolbar.google.com

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Discovery of material in foreign languages

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use an automatic translation of Web pages to find information in different languages. babelfish.altavista.com

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Portal

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is a Web-based, personalized gateway to information and knowledge that provides relevant information from different IT systems and the Internet using advanced search and indexing techniques.

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Commercial (public) portals

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offer content for diverse communities and are most popular portals on the Internet

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Affinity portals

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support communities such as a hobby group or a political party

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Mobile portals

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are accessible from mobile devices.

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Corporate portals

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offer a personalized single point of access through a Web browser

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Industrywide portals

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for entire industries

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Electronic mail (e-mail)

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is the largest-volume application running on the Internet.

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Web-based call centers (customer call center)

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are services that provide effective personalize customer contact as an imporant part of Web-based customer support.

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Electronic chat room

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is a virtual meeting place where groups of regulars come to “gab”.

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Internet telephony (VoIP

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voice-over IP digitizes your analog voice signals, sections them into packets, and sends them over the Internet

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Weblog

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is a personal Web site, open to the public, where the creator expresses feelings or opinions.

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Wiki

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is a Web site on which anyone can post material and make changes quickly, without using difficult commands.

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Collaboration

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refers to efforts of two or more entities (individuals, teams, groups or organizations) who work together to accomplish certain tasks.

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Work group

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refers specifically to two or more individuals who act together to perform some task.

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Virtual group (team)

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is when group members are in different locations.

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Virtual collaboration

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is the use of digital technologies that enable organizations or individuals to collaboratively plan, design, develop, manage and research products, services and innovative applications.

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Workflow technologies

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facilitate the movement of information as it flows through the sequence of steps that make up an organization’s work procedures. Includes workflow management and workflow systems.

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Groupware

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refers to software products that support groups of people who share a common task or goal and who collaborate to accomplish it.

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Teleconferencing

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is the use of electronic communication that allows two or mmore people at different locations to hold a simultaneous conference.

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Videoconference

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is when participants in one location can see participants at other locations and share data, voice, pictures, graphics and animation by electronic means.

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Web conferencing

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is videoconferencing conducted over the Internet.

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Real-time collaboration tools

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support synchronous communication of graphical and text-based information i.e. computer-based whiteboards.

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Web services

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are applications, delivered over the Internet, that users can select and combine through almost any device (from personal computer to mobile phones).
It is able to expose and describe itself to other applications, tell what services it does.
It can be located by other applications via an online directory.
It can be invoked by the originating application by using standard protocols.

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E-Learning

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refers to learning supported by the Web.
Virtual classrooms in which all coursework is done on-line and classes do not meet face-to-face.

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Distance learning (DL)

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refers to any learning situation in which teachers and students do not meet face-to-face.

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Benefits of E-Learning

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Self-paced and self-initiated learning has been shown to increase content retention.
Online materials offer the opportunity to deliver very current content of high quality and consistent.
Students have the flexibility of learning from any place at any time at their own pace.
Learning time generally is shorter, and more people can be trained due to faster training time.
Training cost can be reduced, and savings can be made on facility space as well.

Front 75

Drawbacks of E-Learning

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Instructors may need training to be able to teach electronically.
The purchase of additional multimedia equipment may be necessary.
Students must be computer literate and may miss the face-to-face interaction with instructors.
There are issue with assessing students’ work, as instructors really do not know who completed assignments.

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E-Learning

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Advanced e-learning support environments, such as Blackboard and WebCT, allow instructors to take advantage of new content and delivery technologies.
Virtual universities are online universities from which students take classes from home or at an off-site location, via the Internet.