Badm Lecture 7

Front 1

Management

Back 1

is a process by which organizational goals are achieved through the use of resource (people, money, energy, materials, space, time).
These resources are considered to be inputs;
The attainment of the goals is viewed as the output of the process;
The ratio between inputs and outputs is an indication of the organization’s productivity

Front 2

Informational roles

Back 2

monitor, disseminator, spokesperson

Front 3

Decisional roles

Back 3

entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator

Front 4

Decision

Back 4

refers to a choice that individuals and group make among two or more alternatives.

Front 5

Decision making

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is a systematic process composed of three major phases: intelligence, design and choice (Simon 1977)
Implemetation phase was added later.

Front 6

Decision support systems (DSSs)

Back 6

provide support primarily to analytical, quantitative types of decisions.

Front 7

Executive support systems (ESSs)

Back 7

support the informational roles of executives.

Front 8

Group decision support systems (GDSSs)

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supports managers and staff working in groups.

Front 9

Structured

Back 9

routine and repetitive problems for which standard solutions exist.

Front 10

Unstructured

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“fuzzy”, complex problems for which there are no cut-and-dried solutions

Front 11

nature of decisions
operational control

Back 11

executing specific tasks efficiently and effectively;

Front 12

management control

Back 12

acquiring and using resources efficiently in accomplishing organizational goals;

Front 13

strategic planning

Back 13

the long range goals and policies for growth and resource allocation.

Front 14

Decision support systems (DSSs)

Back 14

are computer-based information systems that combine models and data in an attempt to solve semistructured and some unstructured problems with extensive user involvement.

Front 15

Sensitivity analysis

Back 15

is the study of the impact that changes in one (or more) parts of a model have on other parts.

Front 16

What-if analysis

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is the study of the impact of a change in the assumptions (input data) on the proposed solution.

Front 17

Goal-seeking analysis

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is the study that attempts to find the value of the inputs necessary to achieve a desired level of output.

Front 18

Data management subsystem

Back 18

contain all the data that flow from several sources.

Front 19

Model management subsystem

Back 19

contains completed models and the building blocks necessary to develop DSS applications.

Front 20

User interface

Back 20

covers all aspects of the communications between a user and the DSS

Front 21

Users

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are the persons faced with the problem or decision that the DSS is designed to support.

Front 22

Knowledge-based subsystems

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provide the required expertise for solving some aspects of the problem.

Front 23

Virtual group

Back 23

is a group whose members are in different locations.

Front 24

Group decision support system (GDSS

Back 24

is an interactive computer-based system that supports the process of finding solutions by a group of decision makers.

Front 25

Decision room

Back 25

is a face-to-face setting for a group DSS, in which terminals are available to the participants.

Front 26

Organizational Decision Support System (ODSS)

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is a DSS that focuses on an organizational task or activity involving a sequence of operations and decision makers and provides the following:
It affects several organizational units or corporate problems;
It cuts across organizational functions or hierarchical layers;
It involves computer-based and (usually) communications technologies.

Front 27

Executive information system (EIS)

Back 27

is a computer-based technology designed specifically for the information needs of top executives and provides for:
Rapid access to timely information;
Direct access to management reports;
Very user friendly and supported by graphics.

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Exception reporting

Back 28

reporting of only the results that deviate from a set of standards.

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Drill down reporting

Back 29

investigating information in increasing detail.
Easily connected within online information services and e-mail.
Include analysis support, communications, office automation and intelligence support.

Front 30

Intelligent systems

Back 30

is a term that describes the various commercial applications of AI.

Front 31

Artificial intelligence

Back 31

is a subfield of computer science concerned with:
studying the thought processes of humans;
recreating those processes via machines, such as computers and robots.
“Behavior by a machine that, if performed by a human being, would be considered intelligent.”

Front 32

Turing test

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is a test for artificial intelligence, in which a human interviewer, conversing with both an unseen human being and an unseen computer, cannot determine which is which; named for British AI pioneer Alan Turing.

Front 33

Expertise

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refers to the extensive, task-specific knowledge acquired from training, reading and experience.

Front 34

Expert systems (ESs)

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attempt to mimic human experts by applying expertise in a specific domain.
Can support decision makers or completely replace them.

Front 35

Knowledge acquisition

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Knowledge is from experts or from documented sources

Front 36

Knowledge representation

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Acquired knowledge is organized as rules or frames (objective-oriented) and stored electronically in a knowledge base.

Front 37

Knowledge inferencing

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Given the necessary expertise stored in the knowledge base, the computer is programmed so that it can make inferences. The reasoning function is performed in a component called the inference engine, which is the brain of ES.

Front 38

Knowledge transfer

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The inferenced expertise is transferred to the user in the form of a recommendation.

Front 39

Knowledge base

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contains knowledge necessary for understanding, formulating and solving problems.

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Inference engine

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is a computer program that provides a methodology for reasoning and formulating conclusions

Front 41

User interface

Back 41

enables users to communicate with the computer

Front 42

Blackboard

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is an area of working memory set aside for the description of a current problem.

Front 43

Explanation subsystem

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explains its recommendations

Front 44

Natural language processing (NLP):

Back 44

Communicating with a computer in English or whatever language you may speak

Front 45

Natural language understanding/speech (voice) recognition

Back 45

The ability of a computer to comprehend instructions given in ordinary language, via the keyboard or by voice.

Front 46

Natural language generation/voice synthesis

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Technology that enables computers to produce ordinary language, by “voice” or on the screen, so that people can understand computers more easily.

Front 47

Neural networks

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is a system of programs and data structures that approximates the operation of the human brain

Front 48

Fuzzy logic

Back 48

deals with the uncertainties by simulating the process of human reasoning, allowing the computer to behave less precisely and logically than conventional computers do.
Involves decision in gray areas.
Uses creative decision-making processes.