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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Working Memory (WM)
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This is the system which allows our processing of the environment, requiring both storage and processing.
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Attention Blink
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Attention limitation test: If there is not a large enough gap between items participants don't miss them.
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Atkinson and Shiffrin (1971): Modal Model
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Environmental input -> Sensory registers (visual, auditory, haptic) -> STM/WM (output comes from here) <=> LTM
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Levels of Processing
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Craik and Lockhart: Items that are more deeply processed (Lexical Decision task, "is X a word?") will be better remembered.
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Central Executive (CE)
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An attentionally limited system that selects and manipulates material in the subsystems.
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Baddeley and Hitch (1974): Working Memory Model
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Visuo-spatial Sketchpad <=> Central Executive <=> Phonological Loop
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Phonological Loop
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WM Model: The system responsible for temporary storing speech-information.
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Visuo-spatial Sketchpad
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WM Model: The system responsible for temporary maintaining visuo-spatial information.
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Image Manipulation
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The mental processing of physical objects, allowing manipulation within one's mind.
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Semantic Coding
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Processing an item in terms of meaning, hence relating to other information stored in LTM.
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Episodic Coding
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Processing an item in terms of contextual cues, hence relating to other information stored in LTM.
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Nonword Repetition Test
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A test which requires participants to repeat back an ever increasing non-word until they cannot.
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Logie (1995): Working Memory Model
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SIimilar to Baddeley and Hitch's but renames the subsystems and suggests all interactions are always fed by LTM.
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Episodic Buffer
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Baddeley and Hitch: Part of their WM model, suggesting an interaction with LTM to bolster memory.
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Visual Cache
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Logie: WM model, a counterpart to the traditional Phonological Loop (inner speech), maintained by the inner scribe.
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Supervisory Attentional System (SAS)
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Attention component of the WM model proposed by Norman and Shallice.
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Confabulation
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Recollection of something that did not happen.
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Binding
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Refers to the linking of features into objects (semantic), or of events into episodes (episodic).
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Inhibition
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The suppression of activities (i.e., rehearsal).
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Inhibition, Retroactive
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The impairment of new memories by earlier memories.
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Inhibition, Proactive
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The impairment of memories by new memories.
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Resource Sharing
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Use of limited attentional capacity to maintain two or more simultaneous activities.
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Task Switching
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A process where a limited capacity system (CE) maintains activity on two or more tasks by switching between them.
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Attention Switch
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Switching attention markedly slows performance, particularly when participants need to 'remember' to switch.
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Long-term Working Memory
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The concept of LTM helping WM to maintain complex cognitive activities (e.g., like when testing mathematicians on digit span).
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Spatial Working Memory
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System involved in temporarily retaining information regarding spatial location.
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Object Memory
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System that temporarily retains information concerning visual features such as colour and shape.
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Working Memory Capacity (WMC)
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A measure of how much someone can process. Relates to the CE and STM as well as attention.
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Stroop Test
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WMC: A congruency test (e.g., participants must name the colour a word is written in with each word a colour name).
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N-back Test
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WMC: A string of letters are presented, participants must identify when a target letter was repeated 'N' letters ago.
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Cocktail-party Test
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WMC: Two phonological channels: 1) must be monitored; 2) nonsense. High WMC meant participants heard their name less when presented in nonsense channel.
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WM and Depression
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Those who are depressed often have lower WMC which means their minds wonder (rumination).
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Rumination
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Intrusive thoughts or negative thoughts of the past or future.
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