Bacteriology.2

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Genes consists of

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DNA

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Macromolecules composed of repeating units called

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Nucleotides

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Held by what bond

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Hydrogen bond

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The bases are

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A is to T

C is to G

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Mechanism in which genetic information is changed and exchange among Bacteria

(2)

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Mutation

Recombination

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Recombination

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a method which genes are transferred or exchange between homologous regions on two DNA

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What protein play a central role in binding

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RecA protein

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Gene transfer

TTC

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Transformation

Transduction

Conjugation

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1. Genes transferred from one bacterium to another as naked DNA

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Transformation

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Bacteria that can be a recipients

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S. pneumoniae

N. gonorrhea

H. influenza

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2. Bacterial DNA is transferred from donor cell to recipient cell inside virus that infects bacteria called _____

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Transduction

Bacteriophage

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3. Conjugation mediated by ______

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Plasmids

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Condition to be met

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- direct cell to cell contact

- conjugating cells must generally be of opposite "mating type"

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In this process bacterial DNA is transferred from donor cell to recipient inside a virus

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Transduction

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The ____ carries gene that code for Synthesis of sex pili

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Plasmid

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Before a woman gives birth, _______ multiply rapidly

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Lactobacilli

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Indigenous flora

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consists of group of microorganisms that inhabit the body of normal healthy individuals

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Protection in skin

(4)

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Presence of lysozyme

Acidic pH

Fatty Acids in sebaceous secretions

Constant sloughing off of the skin

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Predominant flora in skin are ______ examples: SD

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Anaerobes

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Diphtheroids

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Tounge and mucosa inhabited mostly by ________ group

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Streptococcus viridans

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Digestive tract

Colon inhabited by mostly ______ particularly

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Anaerobes

Bacteroides fragilis

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Facultative anaerobes are

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Escherichia coli and other Enterobaceriaceae

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Intestinal flora play an important role on (4)

SCCP

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- Synthesis of Vit B & Vit K

- Conversion of bile to bile salts

- Competition

- Production of potentially pathogenic end-product toxic for transient flora

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How lactobacillus plays a crucial role

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prevents growth of Gonococcal infection by producing lactic acid

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Why is young girls prone to Gonococcal infection (2)

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1. Normal acidic pH is not fully established

2. Normal vaginal flora is not yet fully established

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The normal flora can benefit host by preventing overgrowth of harmful organisms

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Microbial antagonism

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Living together

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Symbiosis

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Commensalism

Examples

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Corynebacterium

Saprophytic mycobacteria

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Mutualism

Example

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E.coli synthesize Vit K & B

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TYPES OF INFECTION

AION

1. Autogenous infection

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caused by microorganism from the microbiota of patient

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2. Iatrogenic infection

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an infection that occurs as result of medical treatment or procedure

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3. Opportunistic infection

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- immunocompromised

- due to overused of antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs, chemotherapeutic agents

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4. Nosocomial infection

Known as

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Hospital acquired infection

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Acct. DISTRIBUTION

LFS

1. Local

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- one area

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2. Focal

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- starts as local and spread to other parts

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3. Systemic

BSPT

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-

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a. Bacteremia

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- Presence of bacteria in blood (1-10 bacteria/mL of blood

- without active multiplication

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b. Septicemia

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- multiply

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c. Pyemia

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- pus- producing organisms

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d. Toxemia

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-presence of toxins in blood

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Classifying infectious diseases

Subjective vs Objective

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changes not apparent to the observer

physician can observe and measure

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Communicable vs contagious

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-

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Example of communicable

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Chicken pox

Measles

Genital herpes

Typhoid fever

TB

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Contagious

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Cp

Measles

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Sporadic vs Endemic

Epidemic vs Pandemic

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- occurs occasionally

- Constantly present

- Many acquire in particular locations in population

- World wide

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Harbor pathogens without symptoms

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Carriers

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Occurs primarily in wild and domestic animals

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Zoonoses

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Mononucleosis ("kissing disease") and Gonorrhea are spread by

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Direct contact

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Example of droplet spread to susceptible host

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Pertussis

Meningococcal infection

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Droplet nuclei is less than

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5 microns

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Mechanical transmission example are Flies carrying ____

Fleas carrying _______

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Flies carrying Shigella

Yersinia pestis (plague)

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Effects of Infectious diseases

SSS

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Symptoms - subjective feelings

Signs - Objective

Syndrome - group of signs & symptoms associated with a disease

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PATHOGENS (classes)

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1. True pathogens

2. Opportunistic Pathogens

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True pathogens

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able to invade the tissues of healthy individuals through some inherent ability of their own

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Opportunistic Pathogens

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-

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Neisseria meningitidis

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usually harmless in respiratory tract, but can cause meningitis

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A key component in bacterial pathogenesis and complex interaction between host, indwelling device, and bacteria

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Biofilm production

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Pathogenicity vs Virulence

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- ability to cause disease

- extent of pathogenicity (power of micro)

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ID50

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- infection dose for 50% of a sample population

- expression of the virulence of a microbe

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- Lethal dose for 50% of a sample population

- an expression of the virulence of a microbe

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LD50

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Pathogens nust attach to host cells

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Adherence

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Factors influencing Microbial Virulence

TEC

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1. Toxic

2. Enzymatic F

3. Cellular structure

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1. Example of toxin

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Diphtheria toxin

Tetanospasmin

Botulism toxin

Enterotoxin

Streptococcal erythrogenic toxin (Scarlet fever)

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How bacterial pathogens penetrate host defenses

1. Capsule

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- ↑ virulence avoid phago

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Example

SB

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Streptococcus pneumoniae

Bacillus anthracis

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2. CELL WALL

•M. tuberculosis

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Mycolic Acid

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•Streptococcus pyogens have ________ and ______ to resist phagocytosis

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M protein

fimbriae

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•Neisseria gonorrhea use _____ and ______ on outer membrane that host take in and grown inside

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Fimbriae

Opa protein

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3. ENZYMES

•Exoenzyme

•Coagulases

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- extracellular enzymes

- Clot fibrinogen in blood isolating and protecting the bacterium from phagocytosis (some Staphylococcus)

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•Kinases

example

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digest clots to prevent infection isolation formed by the host

Streptococcus pyogenes

Staphylococcus aureus

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•Hyaluronidase

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produces hyaluronic (CT) acid that causes blackening of infected wound and help spread of infection

Certain Streptococci

Some Clostridia

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•Collagenase

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break down collagen to spread gas gangrene

several species of Clostridium

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•IgA proteases

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produce pathogens destroy antibodies IgA

N. gonorrheae

N. meningitidis

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4. Antigenic variation

ex. NIT

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Change their surface antigens before antibodies get to them

N. gonorrheae

Influenza virus

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

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How bacterial pathogens damage host cells

1. Siderophores

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proteins released by pathogenic bacteria which take away iron from iron-transport proteins

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Iron transport proteins are

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Ferritin

Transferrin

Lactoferrin

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2. Direct Damage

EXAMPLE

NESS

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use nutrients, grow inside, produce waste and rupture host cells

N. gonorrheae

E. coli

Shigella

Salmonella

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3. Production of toxins

Exotoxin vs Endotoxin

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- Produce by Gram (+)

- Gram (-)

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It refers to antibodies that provide immunity to exotoxin

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Antitoxins

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Toxoids

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refers to altered exotoxins that does not cause disease (by heat or formald)

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Microbes & diseases caused by Exotoxin

1. Staphylococcus aureus

1.1 Scalded skin syndrome

1.2 Food poisoning

1.3 Toxic shock syndrome

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-

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2. Clostridium botulinum

2.1 Botulism

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Neurotoxin prevents transmission of nerve impulses resulting to Flaccid paralysis

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3. Clostridium tetani

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Tetanus

Neurotoxin blocks nerve impulse to muscle relaxation pathway resulting to Spastic paralysis

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4. Clostridium difficile

4.1 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

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- Enterotoxin causes secretion of fluid and electrolytes → Diarrhea

- Cytotoxin disrupts host Cytoskeleton

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5. Clostridium perfringens and other clostridium

5.1 Gas gangrene

5.2 Food poisoning

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- Cytotoxin causes hemolysis

- Diarrhea

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6. Streptococcus pyogens

6.1 Scarlet fever

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cytotoxic inhibit cells in circulatory system producing rash & fever

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7. Corynebacterium diphtheriae

7.1 Diphtheria

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general cytotoxin infection inhibiting protein synthesis especially in nerves, heart and kidney cells

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8. Vibrio cholerae

8.1 Cholera

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Enterotoxin

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9. Enterotoxigenic

E. coli

Shigella

9.1 Traveller's diarrhea

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Enterotoxin

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ENDOTOXIN can cause

TUM

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Typhoid fever

UTI

Meningococcal meningitis

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-

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-

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-

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-

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STAPHYLOCOCCI are normal inhabitant of

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skin

Mucous membrane

Intestine

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4 Genera

PMSS

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Planococcus

Micrococcus

Stomacoccus

Staphylococcus

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Staphylococci general characteristics

FA, N-M, N-S, N-E

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Facultative anaerobe

Non-motile

Non-sporeforming

Non-encapsulated

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Glucose fermenter except ______

Can reduced _____

Salt tolerant _______

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S. saprophyticus

Nitrates to nitrites

7.5% to 10% NaCl

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CATALASE __

Lysostaphin __

Bacitracin __

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(+)

S

R

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1. Staphylococcus aureus

Hemolytic pattern

Coagulase

tolerate

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Beta-hemolytic

Coagulase +

Tolerate 10% NaCl

MSA + golden yellow

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2 methods in Coagulase test

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Tube method

Slide method

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CATALASE

an enzyme that catalyzes

Aerobic Anaerobic

POSITIVE RESULT

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H2O2 → Water & O2

using 3% H2O2

using 15% H2O2

Bubble formation

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Staphylokinase

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Fibrinolysis

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Enterotoxins act as _______ that stimulates vomiting through

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neurotoxins

vagus nerve

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Leukocidin

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it attacks and kills WBC & suppress phagocytosis

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Exfoliation A and B can cause

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Scalded - skin syndrome (SSS)

Stratum granulosum slough off

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TSS is absorbed through the _____

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vaginal mucosa

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Protein A found in ____

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Cell wall

it binds to Fc region of IgG and Fab region of B cells which block opsonophagocytosis

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•MSA contains

pH indicator

Positive result

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1% mannitol + 7.5 NaCl

Phenol red

Yellow

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• Voges-Proskauer Test

differentiate

+ result

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S. aureus (+)

S. intermedius (-)

Pink color

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MRSA

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Methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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Antibiotic -resistant

•Methicillin-Resistant can be detected using ___________

+ result

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Cefoxitin disk screen Test

Pink

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2. Staphylococcus epidermidis

found in

Commonly associated with

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Skin

Medical instruments

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It secretes ________ which provides adherence

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poly-gamma-DL-glutamic acid

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COAGULASE __

MSA ___

NOVOBIOCIN ___

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–

–

+ Sensitive (5microgram; 16 to 27mm)

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UREASE +

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Urea agar broth + phenol red → CO2 + Ammonia (PINK)

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3. Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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2nd most common caused of UTI (Next to E. coli)

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COAGULASE __

MSA __

NOVOBIOCIN

DNAse __

UREASE __

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–

–

Resistant

–

+

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Common symptoms

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Frequency

Urge

Burning sensation

presence of pus

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4. Staphylococcus lugdunensis

Coagulase __ by tube method

It resembles ______

It contains the ______

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–

S. aureus but more aggressive

mecA gene which codes for methicillin resistant

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Staphylococci genes

•ERM genes

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responsible for erythromycin resistance

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Best sample

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aspirated secretions

purulent exudates

Joint fluids

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Colonies that will be used in Catalase test should not be taken from BAP because of the presence of _____

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peroxidase

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•DNAse Test

0.1N HCl

0.1% Toluidine blue

+

-

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Pink = cell died

Cell is still alive

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Common antibiotic used

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Oxacillin

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All S. aureus isolates should be screened with _______ vancomycin using ______ microliter of a 0.5 Mc Farland suspension of S. aureus on BAP

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6microgram/mL

0.5 McFarland

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Genera: Micrococcus

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common in environment and skin flora

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Distinct on its

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Yellow appearance

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Microdase Test

+ result

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Detect the presence of cytochrome enzyme

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----

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----

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Family: Streptococcaceae

7 Genera SELL PAG

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Streptococci

Enterococci

Lactococci

Leuconostoc

Pediococcus

Aerococcus

Gemella

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Streptococci general characteristics

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Fa

N-M

N-Sf

N-E

Capnophiles

Capsule

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Biochemical tests

Catalase __

Oxidase __

Gas production __

ferments carbohydrates

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–

–

–

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Classification based on Academic/Bergey's PVLE

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Pyogenic (37°C)

Viridans (45°C and 37°C )

Lactic (10°C and 37°C)

Enterococcus (10°C, 45°C, 37°C)

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Classification based on Smith and Brown Classification

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Alpha - S. pneumoniae

Beta - S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. dysagalactiae, S. anginosus

Gamma - E. fecalis

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Classification based on Lancefield

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extractiom of C carbohydrates from streptococcal cell wall

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By placing the organisms in _______ and heating for ______

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Dilute acid

Heating for 10mins

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1. Group A - Streptococcus pyogenes

hemolysin

Bacitracin

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Beta Hemolytic

Sensitive

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Best virulence factor is

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M protein

- attach to peptidoglycan, antiphagocytic, adherence to mucosal cells

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Hemolysins

•Streptolysin O

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Oxygen labile

highly antigenic

subsurface hemolysis on BAP

lysis WBC, platelets, tissue cells

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•Streptolysin S

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oxygen stable

nonantigenic

surface hemolysis on BAP

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• Hyaluronidase

•Streptokinase

•DNAse

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-

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•Capsule

•Protein F

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-

- major adhesin of S. pyogenes binding to Fibronectin

Front 142

Infections it cause

1. Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis "Strep throat"

2. Scarlet fever

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- common after strep throat, characterize by diffuse erythema

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3. Skin infections

• diffuse, infection of subcutaneous skin tissue in a defined area with fluid

• acute infection and inflammation of dermal layer of the skin characterize by painful reddish patches

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Cellulitis

Erysipelas

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4. Rheumatic fever

5. Acute glomerulonephritis

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-fever, inflammation of heart, joints and bv

- inflammation of renal glomeruli results from the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes

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6. Streptococcal TSS

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entire organ shuts down

Spec A play a major role

Front 146

Lab diagnostic tests

- more specific than bacitracin test

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PYR Test

Pyrrolidonyl Arylamidase test

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S. pyogenes is (+)

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Suceptible

+ result = red appearance

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2. Group B - Streptococcus agalactiae

Normally found in

Pregnant woman should be screened at

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Female GI tract

35-37 weeks of gestation

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Beta- hemolytic

Catalase __

Bacitracin

SXT

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–

Resistant

Resistant

Front 150

Lab diagnostic tests

1. CAMP Test (dif. from other Beta hemolytic)

reagent

result

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Beta-lysin- producing of S. agalactiae

Arrow-head Beta hemolysis near S. aureus

Front 151

2. Hippurate Hydrolysis Test

S. agalactiae possesses the enzyme ______

reagents:

result:

Back 151

Hippuricase

Sodium hippurate

Purple

Front 152

GROUP C and G Streptococci

possessed ______ just like Group A

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M protein

Front 153

Group C susceptible with

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bacitracin

SXT

Front 154

VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI

normal in

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Throat

Front 155

It is known as Alpha- prime that lack the Lancefield group antigen

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S. viridans

Front 156

Common cause of SBE

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Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis

Front 157

Laboratory tests

Bile

Optochin

______ in 6.5% NaCl

LAP

PYR

Back 157

insoluble

Resistant

No growth

+

–

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-

Back 158

-

Front 159

STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

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-

Front 160

Bile Optochin

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soluble

solubleSusceptible

Front 161

Lobar pneumonia

Back 161

- bloody, rust-tinged sputum, large numbers of WBC

Front 162

Not usually a primary infection but rather a result of

Back 162

disturbance of normal defense barriers

Front 163

Meningitis

Back 163

complicatiom from pneumonia & Otitis media

Front 164

Specimen:

Sputum, blood and CSF

Back 164

sputum: rusty