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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does anaplasma marginale target?
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RBCs
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Which are more vulnerable to anaplasma marginale, cows or calves?
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Cows
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How do you diagnose anaplasma marginale?
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Cytology- bacteria are at margin or rbcs
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What do you stain rbcs with to show anaplasma marginale?
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flourescent ab and acridine orange
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What do you need concurren infection with to get ill with hemobartonella felis?
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feline leukemia
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WHAT DOES HEMOBARTONELLA FELIS CAUSE?
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Hemolytic anemia, fever
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How do you diagnose hemobartonella felis?
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cytology- in margins of rbcs
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What are the two life cycle forms of chlamydia?
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elementary bodies and reticulate bodies
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Wich are infective, reticulate bodies or elementary bodies?
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elementary
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What is the lifecycle of chlamydia?
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cells lyse, elementary bodies are released and phagocytosed by other cells. Turns into reticluate body. Reticulate body turns into elementary.Bacteria is never outside of body
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Where do reticulate bodies develop?
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endosomes
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What cells do chlamydia like?
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epithelial of mucous membranes
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What is unique about chlamydia cell wall?
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Has LPS but no peptidoglycan. Has outer membrane protein CRP cross-linked with disulfide bonds (p-layer)
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What are the symptoms of chlamydia psittacosis?
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eyes pasted shut, generally sickly in birds. Abortion in cattle, encephalomyelitis in sheep, pneumonia in cats and dogs, conjunctivitis in guinea pigs
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What does chlamydia trachomatic cause?
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keratoconjunctivitis, corneal scarring, blindness
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What are aerotolerant anaerobes?
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Have fermetative metabolism. Use lactic acid pathway.
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What are obligate anaerobes?
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CAN'T GROW IN OXYGEN. NO SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE
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WHAT ARE REDUCING AGENTS FOR?
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To allow growth of obligate anaerobes in low oxygen. They absorb oxygen and reduce hydrogen peroxide
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What are two reducing agents?
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sulfhydryl compounds-thioglycolate and metallic ion
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What does Eh tell you?
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The lower the Eh, the better the reducing environment
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What is the normal Eh of tissue?
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150 mv
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How do you lower the Eh?
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Lose vascular supply, trauma, foreign bodies, pressure, acid production by aerobes, tissue necrosis
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Which clostridium are not invasive?
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tetani and botulinum
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How are the four groups of clostridia divided?
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the position of spores and whether they hydrolyze gelatin
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WHAT DOES CLOSTRIDIUM CHAUVEI CAUSE?
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Black leg and muscle necrosis (dead leg)
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What does the damage with clostridium chauvoei?
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phospholipase c alpha toxin. n and c domains. C domain binds and cleaves phosphatidyl choline, disrupts membrane
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What is blackleg?
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hemorrhagic necrotizing myositis that can produce gas within tissues. Caused by clostridium chauvoei
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What does clostridium septicum cause?
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sheep braxy- malignant edema
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What is the difference between blackleg and malignant edema (sheep braxy?
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No gas is produced by malignant edema
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What does clostridium hemolyticum cause?
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red water disease- hemoglobinuria
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What predisposes animals to infection by clostridium hemolyticum?
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Liver fluke infection
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What is the virulence factor behind red water disease (clostridium hemolyticum)?
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phospholipase c
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What are the two diseases caused by clostridium novyi?
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Type a: gas gangrene or "big head" in rams
Type b: black disease or infectious necrotic hepatitis |
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What is the virulence factor of big head and black disease (clostridium novyi)?
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Phospholipase c
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What does clostridium colinum cause?
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ulcerative colitis or "quail disease"
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What does clostridium spiroforme cause?
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enterotoxemia of rabbits. (dilated cecum, villus epithelia get necrotic, lamina propria get inflamed)
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What is the virulence mechanism behind clostridium spiroforme?
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Iota toxin. It ADP ribosylates and impairs ability of actin to polymerize)
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What causes Tyzzer's disease?
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clostridium piliforme
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What are the features of tyzzers disease?
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Necrotizing hepatitis, hemorrhagic enteritis. Causes diarrhea, melena, depression, anorexia. Red-black cecum.
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Why is it hard to gram stain clostridium piliforme?
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It is very oxygen sensitive and will look gram negative if you stain with any oxygen around. It is really gram positive
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What does clostridium difficile cause?
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pseudomembranous enterocolitis
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What is colitis x?
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Caused by clostridium difficile. It's a peracute fatal disease of horses with profuse watery diarrhea and hypovolemic shock
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What charaterizes type a clostridium perfringens?
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Produces alpha and theta toxin. Cuases yellow lamb disease, enterotoxemia. Jaundice, hemoglobinurua, death.
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What charaterizes type b clostridium perfringens?
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Produces beta toxin. Causes lamb dysentery. Ulceration of small intestine
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What charaterizes type c clostridium perfringens?
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Produces beta toxin. Causes homorrhagic and necrotic enteritis
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What charaterizes type d clostridium perfringens?
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Produces epsilon toxin. Causes pulpy kidney. Enterotoxemia in sheep and goats
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What toxin does type e clostridium perfringens make?
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Iota toxin
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What is alpha toxin?
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phospholipase c
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What is beta toxin?
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causes diarrhea, like cholera toxin, inflammation of the intestine
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What is epsilon toxin?
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A protoxin, converted to a toxin by trypsin. Causes liquefactive necrosis of the brain, renal cortex, mucosa, edema.
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What is theta toxin?
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A lethal necrotizing toxin
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What is kappa toxin?
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collaginase
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What is lambda toxin?
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gelatinase
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What is mu toxin?
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hyaluronidase
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What are the three toxins of clostridium tetani?
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tetanolysin (hemolysin), tetanospasmin (neurotoxin) and non-spasmogenic toxin
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What does clostridium tetani cause? (physical signs?)
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opisthotonos, sardonic smile, lockjaw
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What does clostridium botulinum a-b toxin work on?
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synaptobrevins, SNAP-25 or syntaxin
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What are the subunits of the a-b toxins of butulinum and tetani?
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zinc-binding endopeptidases that break peptide bonds.
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What does the light chain do in botox/tetox?
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It's an endopeptidase that attacks fusion proteins SNAP-25, syntaxin or synaptobrevin at teh neuromuscular junction. The vesicles can't anchor and release Ach. Snare complex doesn't form to allow vesicle binding
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What do fusobacterium necrophorum and bacterioides nodosus cause?
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Foot rot. fusobacterium damages epidermis so bacteriodes can get in
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What is the virulence mechanism that causes foot rot?
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keratin-degrading proteases.
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What does bacterioides melaninogenicus cause?
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Foot rot. Seen with fusobacterium.
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Which burkholderia is non-motile?
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B.mallei
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How do you diagnose pseudomonas aeruginosa?
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Green hue and grape-like odor caused by pyocyanin and pyoverdin
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What diseases do pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?
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mastitis in cows, pneumonia in pigs, otitis externa in dogs, green wool and fleece rot in sheep, pneumonia in minks and chinchillas
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What are virulence mechanisms of p.aeruginosa?
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capsule, cytolytic phenazine toxins, catalase, superoxide dismutase, biofilm
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How do biofilms form?
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Attach to substrate via pili, makes mushroom of biofilm. Rhamnolipids break it down.
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What predisposes animals to pseudomonas infection?
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Parasites, fungas, antimicrobials, poor sanitation
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What does B. pseudomallei cause?
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melioidosis- multiple supporative nodules in lungs, spleen, liver, lameness, CNS disease
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What are the endemic areas for B. pseudomallei?
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tropical areas
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How do you diagnose B. pseudomallei?
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safety-pin shaped gram negative rods. unique colony form an dsmell on Ashdown's media, serologic tests, DNA
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What are virulence mechanisms of B. pseudomallei?
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Quorum sensing, type 3 secretion, capsule, lps, flagella, biofilms
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What does b. mallei cause?
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Glanders
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What hosts are most susceptible to glanders?
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Equidae
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What is glanders?
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Caused by B. mallei. Ulcerating nodules in upper respiratory tract, lungs skin.
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What are the three forms of glanders?
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nasal, pulmonary, skin (farcy)
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What kinds of aerobic conditions does campylobacter like?
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microaerophilic. 10-20% co2, 5% or less o2
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What does Campylobacter fetus venerealis cause?
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infertility in females. Tissue tropism for bovine repro tract
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What does Campylobacter fetus fetus cause?
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Abortion due to bacteremia, placentitis. Ingested not venereal. Tissue tropism to intestinal tract of sheep/cattle
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What does Campylobacter mucosalis / Lawsonia Intracellularis cause?
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Porcine Proliferative Enteritis. Lesions in lower ileum and cecum. Loss of villi. Lots of fat folds in mucosa. Hemorrhagic and necroproliferative forms
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What does Campylobacter jejuni cause?
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It's a frank pathogen of humans. Food-borne enteritis. CDTB Breaks DNA. CDTA and CDTC are involved with binding to and internalization into host cell.
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Which bacteria causes ocular disease- bovine keratoconjunctivitis?
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Moraxella bovis
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What predisposes cows to IBK?
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Sunlight
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Which animals are more susceptible to IBK?
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Calves
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How do the pili of Moraxella bovis do phase variation?
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alpha an dbeta pilin genes can recombine and form different kinds of pili in the same organism
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What are the virulence mechanisms of Moraxella bovis?
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hemolysis and cytotoxin. These are vaccine targets because they share epitopes among all moraxella species
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What is the virulence mechanism of francisella?
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Unusual LPS- tetra vs hexa fatty acetylated LPS. Also escapes from phagosomes via IgIC, MgIA, MgIB. Capsule, acid phosphatase against superoxide production
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What is the human disease caused by francisella?
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Tularemia from eating undercooked wild meat infected by tick bites.
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What are the disease forms of tularemia in people?
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pneumonic, ulceroglandular, oculoglandular, typhoidal, systemic
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Which brucella have wide host range?
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melitensis, abortus, suis
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Which brucellas have restricted host range?
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ovis, canis, neotomae
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Why does brucella have tissue trophism?
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Erythritol is produced in the male and female reproductive tracts. Brucella grows well with this.
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What causes bovine brucellosis?
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B. abortus
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How do you diagnose bovine brucellosis?
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through culture, serum aglutination, brucella milk ring test, brucellosis card test and plate test.
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How does brucella work?
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Redirects host endocytic vesicular traffic to prevent phagosome lysosome fusion.
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What does brucella depend on to mature in the ER?
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VirB
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What does brucella use to interfere with cellular trafficking?
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cyclic beta 1,2 glucans.
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What do cyclic beta 1,2 glucans do?
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Act on lipid rafts, prevents phagosome, lysosome fusion
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What does VirB encode in brucella?
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Type 4 secretion system complex, which injects proteins into the host cells
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What are brucella additional virulence mechanisms?
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LPS, Urease to increase pH, superoxide dismutase, catalase, BER exonuclease, cytochrome oxidase for oxigen limitations, nitric oxide reductase
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What does heterofermentative mean?
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Ferment carbs and produce a variety of products including volatile acids and CO2 as well as lactic acid (hemophilus)
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What are the feeder strains of hemophilus?
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staph and pseudomonas
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What do you call it when a bacteria can only grow near feeder strains?
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satellite phenomenon.
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What is the x factor required for growth of hemophilus?
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heme or porphyrins
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What is the v factor required for growth of hemophilus?
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NAD
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What is glassers disease?
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polyserositis syndrome caused by hemophilus parasuis
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What are the signs of glassers disease?
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fibrinous inflammation of serous surfaces of pericardium, pleura, peritoneum, joints, meninges. Causes coughing, fever, abd. breathing, swollen joints, CNS signs
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What if you isolate Hemophilus parasuis from the respiratory tract?
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It means nothing because it is normal flora there.
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What is new name of hemophilus somnus?
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histophilus somni
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What does homophilus somnus cause?
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TEME- thromboembolis meningoencephalitis
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How does TEME happen?
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HEmophilus somnus adheres to endothelium of vessels, collagen exposed, causes blood clots. Tissue death.
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What are the three forms of TEME?
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repro, respiratory, septicemic, misc.
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Where do all of the forms of TEME end up?
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Uterus.
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What causes fowl coryza?
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Haemophilus paragallinarum
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What predisposes birds to fowl coryza?
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poor biosecurity, poor environment, stress of other diseases
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How do you diagnose fowl coryza?
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H. paragallinarum should be catalase negative
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What bacteria are in HAP group?
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Hemophilus, actinobacillus, pasteurella
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What does actinobacillus lignieresii cause?
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wooden tongue
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What is the pathogenesis of wooden tongue?
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granulomas in lower jaw/neck, spleen, lungs, stomach.
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What does actinobacillus equuli cause?
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prurulent joint an dkidney abscesses and septicemia in young foals
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How is actinobacillus pleuropneumonia spread?
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Nose to nose or aerosol droplets
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What are the signs of actinobacillus pleuropneumonia ?
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Sudden death in pigs, trembling, anorexia, dyspnea, respiratory distress, cyanosis
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What are the virulence factors of actinobacillus pleuropneumonia?
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Capsule, LPS, rapid cell division, transferrin, proteases, Apx exotoxins
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What are Apx exotoxins? (a. pleuropneumonia)
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Pore formers in macrophages and neutrophils, they are hemolytic and cytolytic. There are types 1, 2 and 3
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What do the lungs look like with A. pleuropneumonia?
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alveoli filled with fibrin, edema fluid, neutrophils. Lesions with necrosis.
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How many kb of DNA do you use in RFLP?
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few
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How many kb of DNA do you use with PFGE?
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Several hundred
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