Bacteriology - Exam2 - Part 1

Front 1

Bactericidal

Back 1

able to kill susceptible microorganisms

Front 2

Bacteriostatic

Back 2

able to reversibly inhibit essential metabolic processes, but not kill, susceptible bacteria

Front 3

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

Back 3

lowest concentration of a given antibiotic that prevents growth under standardized conditions

Front 4

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)

Back 4

lowest concentration of a given antibiiotic required to kill 99.9% of the bacteria in a suspension in a given time

Front 5

Breakpoint

Back 5

concentration of antibiotic that can be achieved in the bloodstream with optimal therapy

Front 6

Spectrum

Back 6

range of general and species against which an antibiotic is active

Front 7

Therapeutic index

Back 7

Toxic dose OVER effective therapeutic dose

(should be OVER 1)

Front 8

5 types of bacteria of particular concern with ABS resistance

Back 8

staph. aureus

enterococcus faecalis

strept. pneumoniae

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Salmonella enterica

Front 9

3 types of antimicrobial susceptiblity testing

Back 9

broth dilution method

agar dilution method

disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer)

Front 10

3 cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Back 10

beta-lactans

vancomycin

bacitracin

Front 11

4 beta-lactam ABS

Back 11

penicillins
monobactams
carbapenems
cephalosporins

Front 12

beta-lactam ABS

mode of action

Back 12

blocks transpeptidation reaction req'd for the formation of peptidoglycan crosslinks

Front 13

beta-lactam ABS

targets

Back 13

penicillin binding proteins

Front 14

what do beta-lactam ABS require to be effective?

Back 14

actively growing cells

Front 15

3 types of resistance to beta-lactam ABS

Back 15

inactivation via beta-lactamases

target site modification

access (mutations in OM (G-) or porins)

Front 16

Clavulanic acid

Back 16

inhibits beta-lactamase via irreversible binding

Front 17

Vancomycin

type of molecule
mode of action
effective only against what type of bacteria?

Back 17

Vancomycin

glycopeptide

blocks cell wall synthesis by blocking release of peptidoglycan precursorf from bactoprenol & transglycosylation event, blocking glycan chain extension

effective only against G+ bacteria

Front 18

Bacitracin

type of molecule
mode of action
active only against what type of bacteria?

Back 18

Bacitracin

cyclic polypeptide mixture

blocks cell wall synthesis by blocking dephosphorylation of bactoprenol pyrophosphate

active only against G-

Front 19

polymyxin, colistin

type of molecule
mode of action
toxic to...

Back 19

polymixin, colistin

polypeptide
alters permeability of cell membranes of susceptible GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria by interacting with LPS

nephrotoxin

Front 20

2 mycobacterial cell wall inhibitors

Back 20

isoniazid (INH), ethionamide

ethambutol

cycloserine

Front 21

INH, ethionamide

mode of action

Back 21

block mycolic acid synthesis

Front 22

ethambutol

mode of action

Back 22

interferes with arabinogalactan

Front 23

cycloserine

mode of action

Back 23

inhibits alanine synthetase and racemase

Front 24

aminoglycosides (5)

Back 24

streptomycin
kanamycin
gentamicin
tobramycin
neomycin

Front 25

aminoglycosides

mode of action

Back 25

aminoglycosides

irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis

Front 26

3 considerations for aminoglycosides

Back 26

can be toxic to kidneys and auditory nerve

poorly absorbed orally - usually given IV

actively transported into cells - requires ox phos

Front 27

5 types of aminoglycosides

Back 27

streptomycin
kanamycin
gentamycin
tobramycin
neomycin

Front 28

tetracyclines

mode of action

Back 28

reversible inhibition of protein synthesis

Front 29

are tetracyclines bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

Back 29

bacteriostatic

Front 30

chloramphenical

mode of action

Back 30

blocks protein synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase

Front 31

chloramphenical toxicity can cause...

Back 31

aplastic anemia

Front 32

enzyme that mediates bacterial resistance of chloramphenicol

Back 32

chlorampheniol acetyltransferase

Front 33

macrolides and lincosamides

4 examples

Back 33

erythromycin
axithromycin
clindamycin
lincomycin

Front 34

macrolides and lincosamides

mode of action

Back 34

reversible inhibition of protein synthesis

bacteriostatic
broad spectrum

Front 35

oxazolidinones

mode of action

Back 35

inbhitiion of protein synthesis

Front 36

what ABS was developed specifically for use against vancomycin resistant gram positive organixms and multi drug resistant staph

Back 36

oxazolidinones

Front 37

narrow spectrum, poorly absorbed quinolone

Back 37

nalidixic acid

Front 38

broad spectrum fluroquinolone

Back 38

ciprofloxacin

Front 39

quinolones

mode of action

Back 39

inhibition of DNA replication

Front 40

rifamicin

mode of action

Back 40

blocks DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Front 41

metronidazole

mode of action

active only against ____

Back 41

bacterial nitro-reductase produces toxic product that damages bacterial DNA and inhibits DNA repair systems

active only against anaerobic bacteria and many parasites

Front 42

metabolic inhibitors

2 examples

mode of action

Back 42

trimethoprim & sulfonamides

reversible block step sin folic acid synthesis (bacteriostatic, broad spectrum)