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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 types of PAMPs
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LPS
lipoproteins/peptides teichoic acid PG nucleic acid |
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what receptors recognize PAMPs
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TLR
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anti-inflammatory cytokines
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IL-4, IL-10, IL-13
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3 chemotactic factors
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complement component C5a
leukotrienes bacterial N-formyl methionyl peptides |
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4 cell surface receptors that mediate attachment
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receptor for complemtn C3b (opsonins)
receptor for immunoglobulins (Fc fragment) fibronectin receptor lectins |
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in absence of serum opsonins, what binds microbial surface polysaccharides?
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PMN surface receptors
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complement C3b binds to LPS by _____ pathway
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alternative
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phagosome is formed from...
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phagocytosis of particles by invagination of the plasmalemma
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formation of phagolysosome
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fusion of phagosome with lysosome (macrophages)
fusion of phagosome with granules (PMNs) = degranulation |
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binding of receptors on phagocyte surface to ligands on bacterial surface triggers two killing mechanisms:
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oxygen -dependent
oxygen - independent |
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enzyme that mediates superoxide formation
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NADPH oxidase
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enzyme that mediates H2O2 formation
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superoxide dismutase
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enzyme hypochlorite formation
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myeloperoxidase
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oxygen-dependent killing particularly important for killing what type of bacteria?
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gram-positive
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3 types of oxygen-independent killing
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lysozyme and other hydrolases
cationic proteins acidification of phagolysosome |
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oxygen-independent killing is particularly important for killing what type of bacteria?
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gram-negative
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6 means of evading complement
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G+ bacteria: thick peptidoglycan layer
cover up with capsule hold MAC at arm's length on long O-Ag chains incorporation of sialic acid into surface molecules enzymes that degrade C3b LPS residues that inhibit C' from binding |
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3 modes of chemotaxis inhibition
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cord factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits PMN migration
elastase of Ps aeruginosa inactivates C5a C5a peptidase of S. pyogenes degrades C5a |
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6 modes of phagocytosis inhibition
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capsule
porins S. pyogenes M protein blocks binding of C3b protein A (Staph aureus) hiding in clot or granuloma - S. aureus coagulase - M. tuberculosis --> forms granulomas that may harbor viable bacteria for years |
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5 types of destruction of phagocytes
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P. aeruginosa exotoxin A
S. pyogenes streptolysins P. haemolytica RTX leukocidin S. aureus hemolysins and leukocidins phosphatases and kinases injected by T3SS of Yersinia and Salmonella |
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Mycobacterium leprae menas of immunosuppression
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causes decreased CMI
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3 viruses that induce immunosuppression
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HIV
CMV EBV |
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how does Bordetella pertussis induce immunosuppression?
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AC toxin interferes with chemotaxis and superoxide production by PMNs
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proteins that inactivate antibodies (4)
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protein A of S. aureus
protein G of S. pyogenes IgA proteases of Neisseria and Haemophilus spp proteases of P. aeruginosa |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae mimics what type of host cell?
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RBCs
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S. pyogenes mimics...
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heart tissue
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Treponema pallidum mimics...
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cardiolipin
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antigenic mimcry is less likely to protect bacteria than to...
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induce immunopathologic reactions
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shedding of Ag can lead to...
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absorption/titration of antibodies
e.g.: outer membrane blebs of Neisseria |
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8 diseases for which passive immunization is available
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Hep A & B
measles rabies chickenpox CMV tetanus botulism diphtheria |
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when is passive immunization usually given?
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after exposure to infectious agent
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5 important qualities for good vaccine
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immunogenic
doesn't cause disease able to make in large quantities protects against all variants of an organism long-lasting |
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conjugate vaccine
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purified component of agent
attached to component that will elicit and immune response |
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DNA vaccine
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DNA encoding immunogen is injected, taken up by cells that then express the gene, eliciting a natural immune response
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11 diseases vaccinated against using live vaccines
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tularemia
TB typhoid polio measles mumps rubella varicella-zoster adenovirus yellow fever influenza |
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disadvantages to inactivated vaccines
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immunity not as long-lasting
may only elicit B cell response does not elicit local IgA response boosters generally required larger doses must be used adjuvant used can cause undesired side affects |
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7 ypes killed, whole cell vaccines
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cholera
typoid plague Hep A influenza Salk vaccine for polio rabies |
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subunit vaccines
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usually a component (i.e.: virulence factor) of the pathogen that elicits a protective immune response
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6 subunit vaccines
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Hep B
diphtheria toxoid tetanus toxoid anthrax cell-free culture filtrate pertussis purified toxins papilloma virus (HPV) |
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carbohydrate vaccines are an example of what kind of vaccine
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subunit
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3 examplesof carbohydrate vaccines
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S. pneumoniae
N. meningitidis (meningococcus) H. influenzae (Hib) |
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transient flora
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present in some healthy people for a short time
without causing disease eventually cleared |
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are newborns sterile?
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yes - colonized soon after birth
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do species making up normal microbiota vary greatly between individuals?
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yes
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3 benefits of normal microbiota
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development and priming of the immune system
production of essential nutrients keeping out the bad guys |
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probiotics
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live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host
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probiotics are usually what kind of bacteria
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lactic acid bacteria
lactobacilli - G+ |
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prebiotics
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non-digestible dietary supplements that modify the balance of the intestinal microbiota
stimulating the growth and/or activity of beneficial organisms and suppressing potentially deletrious bacteria |
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4 sterile sites in body in which presence of bacteria is usually diagnostic of disease
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CNS/CSF
blood hematopoietic-lymphoreticular system peritoneum |
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13 sterile sites of body
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stomach
lower respiratory tract kidneys digestive glands, pancreas, gallbladder CNS & meninges skeleton skeletal muscles CVS hemotopoietic-lymphoreticular system pleura peritoneum urinary system, bladder, urethra male genital system |
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resident microbiota on skin
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S. epidermis
P. acnes micrococcus propionibacterium |
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transient microbiota on skin
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corynebacterum
S. aureus S. pyogenes clostridium perfringes |
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why are there very few G- bacteria on skin?
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too dry
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normal microbiota in eyes
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coagulase-negative Staph
nasopharynx microbiota |
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normal microbiota in ears
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coagulase-negative Staph
a few members of skin microbiota S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, enterics |
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lots of what type of bacteria in gums?
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anaerobes
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esophagus have mostly ____
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transients from mouth and URT
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small intestine microbiota
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flora scarce, increasing with distance from stomach
enterococci, peptostreptococci, Porphyromonas, Prevotella |
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99.9% of bacteria in large intestine
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99.9% anaerobes
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normal microbiota in male anterior urethra
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coagulase-negative Staphylococci
streptococci latobacillus |
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normal microbiota in vagina,
pre-menarche and post-menopause |
scanty flora, usually derived from skin and colon
staph, strep, enterococci, enterobacteriaceae |
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normal microbiota in vagina with estrogen production & deposition of glycogen
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lactobacillus
coagulase-negative staph strept gardnerella mycoplasma ureaplasma mobinuncus clostridium enterococcus |
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cervis and uterus are usually ____
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sterile
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pasteurization
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heating, usually of a liquid, to a temperature suffficent to inactivate important pathogenic organisms
not high enough to ensure sterilization |
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dry heat standard methods of sterilization
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160*C for 2 hours
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moist heat method of sterilization
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autoclave
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4 sterilizing gases
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ethylene oxide
formaldehyde H2O2 plasma gas |
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modes of light-based sterilization
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UV light
ionizing radiation |
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2 types sterilizing filters
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0.2 micron filters
HEPA filters |
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2 chemical sterilants
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peracetic acid
glutaraldehyde |
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asepsis
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processes designed to prevent microorganisms from reaching a protected environment
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germicide
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agent that kills microbes,
but spores may survive |
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sporicide
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germicide that kills spores
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antiseptic
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a disinfectant that can be used on body surfaces
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high levels of disinfection are used for...
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invasive instruments that are sensitive to other methods of sterilization (i.e.: can't be autoclaved)
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intermediate levels of disinfection are used for...
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semi-critical instruments or surfaces not likely to be contaminated with spores
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low levels of disinfection are used for...
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non-critical instruments that do not penetrate mucosal surfaces
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commonly used alcohol disinfectants
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70-90% ethanol
90-95% isopropanol |
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commonly used halogen disinfectants
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betadine (iodine)
bleach |
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quaternary ammonium compound used for disinfection
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bezalkonium chloride
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2 commonly used phenolics for disinfecting
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hexachlorophene
chlor-hexidine |
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oxidizing agents used commonly for disinfecting
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H2O2
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PCMX and Triclosan are...
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disinfectants
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