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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the important people in Microbiology?
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Antonie van Leewenhoek
Francisco Redi Edward Jenner Ignaz Semmelweis Louis Pasteur Joseph Lister Robert Koch |
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Who was Antonie van Leewenhoek?
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Dutch linen merchant
He was the first to discover living microbes. Used a single lens that magnified 300X |
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Who was Francisco Redi?
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disproved spontaneous generation
used meat in a jar, some open some closed, the open jars for flies and eventually got maggots |
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Who was Edward Jenner?
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The father of immunology
developed vaccine for small pox using cow pox. Healthy people given the liquid from cow pox did not get small pox |
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Who was Ignaz Semmelweis?
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figured that hand washing before surgery would prevent child birth fever
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Who was Louis Pasteur?
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disproved the spontaneous germination theory of microorganisms
developed process of pasteurization founded modern immunology worked with chicken cholera |
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Who was Joesph Lister?
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Developed antiseptic surgery but sanitation and hygiene
sterilized with heat swabbed with carbonic acid- chemical inhibition of infection during surgery reduced post surgical infections |
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Who was Robert Koch?
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approved specific microbe can induce disease (single microbe = single disease)
Diseases and their microbes tuberculosis - M tuberculosis Cholera - Vibrio cholerae Anthrax - Bacillus anthracis (sheep and cattle) |
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What are the three interrelated parts of taxonomy?
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Classification - into groups
Nomenclature - assign names Identification - determining identity |
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What is the 5 kingdom system
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Monera
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia |
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What are the divisions of Taxonomy?
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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What is a species?
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most basic taxonomic group
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What is a strain?
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variation with in a species and descending from a single organism - may have different strains from same species
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What is a subspecies?
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consistent differences among strains constituting a species of a specific host
strain progeny of a single bacterial cell |
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What is a biovar (biotype)
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Biochemical or physiologic differences between or among strains
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What is a phenotype?
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specific characteristics displayed by the organism
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What is the genotype?
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genetic info contained in the DNA
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What is a Clone?
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population of cells derived from a single parent cell
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Who was Carolus Linneaus
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developed binomial nomenclature
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How do we ID organisms
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macroscopic appearance of colonies
microscopic appearance metabolic properties |
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What are phenotypic characteristics?
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morphology, size, shape, arrangment, staining characteristics, biochemical rxn
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What are biochemical characteristics?
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detection of enzymes produced
substances utilized or products produced colormetric test |
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What is bacterial typing?
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strains withing a species may differ in their characteristics, including abilities to cause disease
categorization of strains with in a species is called typing |
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Bacterial typing based on antigens
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Somatic = O
Capsular = K Flagellar = H Fimbrial = F |
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What is genetic typing?
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based on genetic variation and called genotypes
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What is the difference between traditional and molecular diagnostics?
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Traditional test are culture, IF, serology and Antigen, may not be simple, sensitive or fast
Molecular diagnostics are simple, fast, specific and sensitive and can be used for diagnosis of genetic and infections diseases |
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What is PCR?
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Polymerase chain reaction developled by Kary Mullis 1986 (nobel prize in 1993)
it is a technique for making many copies of a specific DNA sequence |
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What are the pyrimidines?
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C, T, U
have 3 hydrogen bonds |
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What are the Purines?
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A and G
have 2 hydrogen bonds |
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What is the difference between traditional and real-time PCR?
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Traditional is qualitative
Real-time is quantitative |
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What is the melting curve analysis?
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an assessment of the dissociation-characteristics of double-stranded DNA during heating
hybridization is less likely if there is a mismatch |
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What are the different types of light microscope?
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bright field - specimen is darker
dark field - specimen is lighter Phase contrast - observing intracellular structure- see differences in light intensity |
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What does oil immersion do?
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prevents refractive loss of light
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What is Magnification?
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has 2 phases object, real image resulting in total mag
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What is resolution power?
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ability to show detail
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What is a fluorescent microscope?
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modified compound microscope with a an ultraviolet source and a filter that protects the viewers eyes
used for diagnosing infections |
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What is an electron microscope?
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uses a beam of electrons instead of visible light to see 3D structures like viruses
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What microscopes can be used to observe bacteria?
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Bright field
fluorescent sometimes dark field |
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What microscope can be used to observe fungi?
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Bright Field
Fluorescent |
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What microscope can be used to observe parasites?
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Bright Field
Fluorescent sometimes electron microscope |
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What microscopes can be used to observe viruses?
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Fluorescent
sometimes electron microscope |
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What are ribosomes?
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give granular appearance to the cytoplasm
site of protein synthesis site or action for antibiotics |
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What are inclusions?
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store nutrients
metachromatic granules composed of inorganic phosphate |
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What are endospores?
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resist sterilization, boiling, dessication and harmful chemicals
germinate in minutes seen in Bacillus and Closteridia |
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What is an cell envelope?
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cytoplasmic membrane cell wal
cytoplasma nuclear body ribosomes, spores surface struture |
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What are external structures of bacteria?
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Capsule (K) - organized and attached
Flagella (H) - motility Fimbriae (F) - attachment Pili - involved in DNA transfer |
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What is an electron microscope?
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uses a beam of electrons instead of visible light to see 3D structures like viruses
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What microscopes can be used to observe bacteria?
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Bright field
fluorescent sometimes dark field |
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What microscope can be used to observe fungi?
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Bright Field
Fluorescent |
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What microscope can be used to observe parasites?
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Bright Field
Fluorescent sometimes electron microscope |
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What microscopes can be used to observe viruses?
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Fluorescent
sometimes electron microscope |
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What are the 5 I's of culturing microbes?
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Inoculation
Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification |
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What is Inoculation?
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sample is placed on sterile medium providing growth
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What is Incubation?
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provides optimum temp and gas for growth
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What is Isolation?
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the end result of inoculation and incubation
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What is Inspection?
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observing culture by color, texture and size
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What is Identification?
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using test to tell what organism you are dealing with
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How do you manage specimens that are collected?
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Collect during acute phase before antibiotic
tranport safely and within 2 hours at ideal temperature label appropriately |
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How do you calculated the number of bacteria?
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Number of bacteria at start times 2 generations
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What are the phases of bacterial growth?
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Lag - metabolic activity
Log - optimum growth Stationary - births = deaths Decline - deaths > births |
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What does liquid media help determine?
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Turbidity
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What does semi-liquid media determine?
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Motility
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What does solid media determine?
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isolation and culture
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What does chemical media do?
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synthetic composition that grows fastidious organisms
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What does complex media do?
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a non-synthetic media used when the organism is not know
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What does general purpose media do?
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contains a broad range or microbes and usually non-synthetic
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What does enriched media do?
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contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, Hb required for fastidious organisms
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What does selective media do?
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suppresses growth of unwanted bacteria and promotes growth of desired bacteria
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What does differential media do?
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distinguishes between 2 or more types of bacteria
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What does selective and differential media do?
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allows growth of specific pathogens and displays visible differences
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What are environmental requirements of bacteria?
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temperature
pH O2/CO2 moisture osmotic pressure |
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What is sterilization?
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complete destruction by heat, radiation, chemicals and physical removal
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What is disinfection?
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reducing growth in nonliving surfaces
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What is antisepsis?
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reducing growth on living tissues
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What is -cidal?
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killing microbes
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What is -static?
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inhibiting growth of microbes
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What is a gene?
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a DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product is defined as a gene
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What is an exon?
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a segment of a gene that contains a coding sequence
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What is an intron?
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non-coding sequence that separates exons in a gene
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What is a chromosome?
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coiled piece of DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and nucleotide sequences inside cells
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What is an allele?
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different forms of the same gene
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What is mRNA?
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single stranded, complementary to DNA
template, carrying info to ribosome |
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What is tRNA?
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transfers genetic information
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What is rRNA?
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components of ribosome
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What does DNA helicase do?
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separate DNA into two complementary strands
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What is Topoisomerase II?
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DNA gyrase that introduces neg strands
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What is topoisomerase I
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removes super coiling
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What is transcription?
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on strand of DNA is used a template to form a complimentary strand of mRNA
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What are examples of extrachromosomal genetic elements?
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plamids
transposons bacteriophages |
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What is a silent mutation?
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change in the 3rd base of the codon sequence that does not change the AA
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What is a missense mutation?
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change base of codon sequence that changes the AA and the protein
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What is a nonsense mutation?
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Change in base if codon sequence that makes a stop codon
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What is a point mutation?
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a change in a single base
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What is transformation?
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genes are transferred from one bacteria to the other
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What is conjugation?
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DNA is transferred by cell to cell contact
mediated by a plasmid called conjugative plasmid donor cell has conjugated plasmid F+ + F- = 2F+ |
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What is transduction?
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nucleic acid is transferred from bacteria to another virus
bacteriophage |
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What was Griffith's experiment?
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dealing from transformation using streptococcus pneumoniae and mice
smooth = death rough = life heat smooth = life rough and heat smooth = death |
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What is mutualism?
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when host and bacteria benefit
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What is commensalism?
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bacteria benefit and host is unaffected
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What is parasitism?
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bacteria benefit while the host is harmed
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What are some examples of bacterial antagonism?
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prevent bacterial colonization
*probiotics |
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What is a frank pathogen?
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a pathogen that causes disease in any host
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What is an opportunistic pathogen?
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a pathogen that causes disease in an immunocompromised host
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What is an extracellular pathogen?
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a pathogen that grows and multiplies in spaces and fluids surrounding the cell
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What is an intracellular pathogen?
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a pathogen that grows and multiplies inside cells
can be facultative or obligate |
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What is a facultative pathogen?
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a pathogen that grows and multiplies inside and outside cells and can be cultured in bacteriological media.
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What is an obligate pathogen?
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a pathogen that grows and multiplies only inside cells and cultured in tissue culture media
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What is an infection?
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invasion or colonization by a pathogen that may or may not result in a disease
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What is a disease?
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a change from a healthy state
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What is a primary infection?
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an infection that occurs in a previously healthy host
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What is a secondary infection?
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an infection that occurs along with or immediately following another infection
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What is an exogenous infection?
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bacteria that originate from outside an animal
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What is an endogenous infection?
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bacteria that originate from inside an animal
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What is a latent infection?
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a pathogen that remains inactive until the conditions become favorable to cause infection
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What is a zoonotic infection?
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an animal infection or disease that is transmitted to humans
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What is a nosocomial infection?
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an infection that is acquired in a hospital
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What is a sporadic disease?
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a disease occurring occasionally
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What is an endemic disease?
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a disease that is consistently present in a particular population
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What is an Epidemic disease?
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a disease in a large population
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What is a pandemic?
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a disease that becomes worldwide
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What is an acute infection?
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an infection that has rapid on set and last a short period of time
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What is a peracute infection
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higher degree of an acute disease
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What is a chronic infection?
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an infection that has a slow onset, less severe but long lasting
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What is a subclinical infection?
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a mild infection with no signs or symptoms
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What is a localized infection?
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confined to a relatively small area
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What is a systemic infection?
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spreads throughout the body by blood or lymph
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What is a focal infection?
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bacterial from a local infection enter lymph or blood to set up local infection in another part of the host
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What is bacteremia?
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bacteria circulating in the blood
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What is septicemia?
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bacteria multiplying in the blood
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What is toxemia?
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toxins circulating in the blood
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What is an incubation period?
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the interval between the entry and the appearance of 1st symptoms
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What is illness?
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The period of time where signs and symptoms are evident
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What is a sign?
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effects of a disease observed by examining a patient
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What is symptom?
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effects of the disease experienced by the patient
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What is convalescence?
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the period of recovery from illness
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What are the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis?
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entry
adherence invasion colonization growth |
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What are examples of portals of entry for pathogens?
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skin
mucous membranes |
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What are common modes of infection?
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ingestion, inhalation, vector-borne-direct entry
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What is colonization?
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growth after attachment and a prerequisite for infection
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What is a virulence factor?
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structures or substances produced by bacteria that help establish the pathogen to cause the disease
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What does the calalase test do?
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test for the presence of catalase enzyme in most aerobic bacteria. Used to differentiate between staphylococcus and streptococcus
hydrogen peroxide |
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What does the oxidative test do?
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determine the presence of cytochrome oxidase enzymes and ID aerobic gram negative bacteria
kovac's reagent on filter paper |
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What does blood agar medium do?
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enrichment and differential medium used to isolate and cultivate most pathogenic fastidious bacteria
provides alpha, beta and gamma hemolysis (partial, total, none) |
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What does MacConkey Agar do?
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selective and differential medium for gram negative bacteria that turns lactose fermenters red
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What does Mannitol Salt Agar do?
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medium for isolation of staphylococcus species by phenol indicator
S. aureus = yellow colonies S epidermidis = white |
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What is Urease Broth?
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a differential medium that detects the ability of a bacterium to produce urease with a pH indicator
urease = urea + CO2 if urea is hydrolysed to ammonia = alkaline medium = red |
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What does the motility and ornithine decarboxylase medium do
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demonstrate motility and differentiation of enterobacteriaceae
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What does Eosin-methylene Blue Agar do?
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selective and differential medium used for the isolation of enteric gram negative bacteria, it inhibits growth of gram positive bacteria
eosin changes to black under acidic conditions like in lactose fermenters like e.coli |
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What does xylose lysine deoxycholate agar do?
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selective and differential medium between shigella and slamonella species
shigella non sugar fermenter = no deep red salmonella ferments xylose = yellow |
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What does Triple Salt Agar slants do?
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used for differentiation of gram neg bacteria by their ability to attack sugar
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What is Staphylococcus?
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gram + catalase positive facultative anaerobe that grows at 18-40 C
part of normal flora appears in chains, pairs or clusters can with stand change in temp, pH, salt and dry pus for weeks |
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Why is Staph aureus clinically important?
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pyogenic
causes fever, shock,shock, rash and cytokine storm |
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What does Staph aureus cause in horses?
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Mastitis
pectoral abscesses spermatic cord abscess after castration |
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What does Staph aureus cause in birds?
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Bumble foot and swelling of the joints
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What does Staph aureus cause in cows?
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Mastitis
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What does Staph aureus cause in lambs?
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tick pyemia
causing gangrenous necrosis |
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What does Staph intermedius cause in dogs and cats?
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osteomyelitis
otitis externa mastitis urolithiasis |
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What does Staph hycus cause in pigs?
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exudative dermatitis
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What does Staph hycus cause in dogs?
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otitis externa
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What does Staph hycus cause in cows
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Mastitis
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What does Staph shleiferi cause in dogs?
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otitis externa
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What does MSCRAMMs stand for?
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microbial surface component recognizing adhesion matrix molecules
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What does staphylococccus have a high affinity for?
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bone, kidney, bladder
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What is bacterial interference?
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When a non-virulent staph is giving to preclude colonization of virulent ones
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What is Streptococcus?
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a gram positive facultative anaerobe that is arranged in pairs or chains
fastidious organism that is catalase negative mimics host because capsid has hyaluronic acid causing rh fever and glumerulonephritis |
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What does peptidase of streptococcus do?
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degrades C5a
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What do streptokinases do?
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removes fibrin to keep from clotting which allows the spreading of the organism
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What does Strep equi subsp equi do to horses?
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causes strangles, mastitis and genital issues
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What does Strep equi subsp zooepidemicus do?
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causes pyothorax, osteomyelitis, poly arthritis and navel ill of foal = septicemia do to failure of adequate colostrum
infects other species other than horses |
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What does strep porcinus do?
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causes cervical lymphadenitis (jowl abscess)
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What does Strep dysgalactiae and S suis do?
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cause pneumonia, septicemia, arthritis and meningitis in pigs
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What does Strep agalactiae cause in ruminants?
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mastitis *major cause*
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What does Strep canis cause in dogs and cats?
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Abscess, pyoderma, pyometra, prostatitis, septicemia and puppy strangles
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What does Strep pneumoniae cause in primates?
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pneumonia, septicemia and meningitis
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What does strep iniae and S agalatice cause in fish?
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septicemia
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What is a CAMP test?
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is a test to identify Group B β-streptococci based on their formation of a substance that enlarges the area of hemolysis formed by β-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus.
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Where does enterococcus infect?
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the urinary bladder and present during UTIs
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What is Bacillus?
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a gram positive,spore forming, facultative anaerobe bacteria arranged in chains that resides in soil and water
cell wall largely of polysaccharide shows no rigor mortis post mortem |
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What does bacillus cause in ruminants?
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septicemia @ 1-5 days, mortality without signs
rigor mortis absent epistaxis present |
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What does bacillus cause in horse?
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colic, diarrhea, edema, septicemia
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What does bacillus cause in swine?
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resides in pharyngeal tissue causes ulceration, lymphadenitis
associated with meat and bone meal |
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What type of bacillus anthracis affects humans?
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cutaneous = 10 -20% fatal
GI = 25-60% fatal inhalation = ~100 fatal |
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What is an Ascoli test?
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precipitation test using high titered antiserum and extract of contaminated products
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What is Corynebacterium?
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a pleomorphic, non spore forming, non motile, catalase positive, non acid fast bacilli that has aerobic and facultative anaerobic species
has high lipid concentration |
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What are clinically relevant corynebacterium?
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C pseudotuberculosis - causes abscess, lymphandenitis and lymphangitis
(zoonotic) C renale - causes problems with urogenital tract in ruminants |
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What is mycolic acid?
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plays a crucial role in determining the fluidity and permeability of cell walls
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What is phospholipase D?
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an exotoxin that spreads bacteria due to inhibition of opsonization
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What does C pseudotuberculosis cause in equine?
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ulcerative lymphangitis and pectoral abscess
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What does C pseudotuberculosis cause in sheep and goats?
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caseous lymphadenitis
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What does C peudotuberulosis cause in cattle?
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occasional skin infections in lateral body wall
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What does C pseudotuberculosis cause in humans?
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benign lymphadenitis due to contact with exposed animal (shearing)
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