• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/152

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

152 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Characteristics of Staph aureus
Gram+ cocci in clusters, catalase+, coagulase+, β hemolytic, ferments mannitol, salt tolerant
Characteristics of Staph epidirmidis
Gram+ cocci in clusters, catalase+, coagulase-, novobiocin sensitive
Characteristics of Staph saprophyticus
Gram+ cocci in clusters, catalase+, coagulase-, novobiocin resistant
Characteristics of S. pneumoniae
Gram+ catalase- lancet-chapes diplococci in chains, α hemolytic, "MOPS" optochin sensitive, bile soluble, +quellung
Characteristics of Viridans strep
Gram+ catalase- cocci, α hemolytic, optochin resistant, bile insoluble
Characteristics of S. pyogenes
Gram+ catalase- cocci, group B, β hemolytic, bacitracin sensitive, PYR+
Characteristics of S. agalactiae
Gram+ catalase- cocci, group A, β hemolytic, bacitracin resistant, cAMP test+
Characteristics of Enterococcus
Gram+ catalase- cocci, PYR+, hydrolizes esculin in 40% bile and 6.5% NaCl
Characteristics of Clostridium tetani
Gram+ spore-forming anaerobic rods
Characteristics of Clostridium botulinum
Gram+ spore-forming anaerobic rods
Characteristics of Clostridium perfingens
Gram+ spore-forming anaerobic rods, double zone of β hemolysis
Characteristics of Clostridium difficile
Gram+ spore-forming anaerobic rods
Characteristics of Corynebacterium diptheriae
Gram+ aerobic club-shaped rods, V or L shapes on tellurite, metachromatic granules on Leoffler. β-prophage contains diptheria toxin gene (lysogeny)
Characteristics of Bacillus
Gram+ spore-forming aerobic rods
Characteristics of Listeria
Gram+ rods with tumbling or actin jet motility, β hemolutic, cold growth, facultative intracellular
Characteristics of Actinomyces
Gram+, long branching filaments, non-acid fast anaerobic rods
Characteristics of Nocardia
Gram+, long branching filaments, partially acid-fast aerobic rods
Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Acid-fast aerobic rods on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, auramine-rhodamine stainning (fluorescent apple green). Mycolic acid lipids on cell wall
Characteristics of Mycobacterium lepreae
Acid-fast aerobic rods, can't be cultured (obligate intracellular). Mycolic acid lipids on cell wall
Characteristics of Neisseria menigitidis
Gram- kidneybean-shaped diplococci, growws on chocolate agar, maltose fermenter, polysaccharide capsule
Characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram- kidneybean-shpaed diplococci, growws Thayer-Martin, maltose non-fermenter, no polysaccharide capsule
Characteristics of Haemophilus influezae
Gram- cocobacillus, requires factor X and V (chocolate agar). Satellite phenomenon near staph aureus on blood agar
Characteristics of Pasteurella
Gram- cocobacillus, anaerobic
Characteristics of Brucella
Gram- cocobacillus, aaerobic, zoonosis, biowarfare
Characteristics of Bordetella pertussis
Gram- aerobic cocobacillus
Characteristics of Klebsiella
Gram- lactose-fermenting rods on MacConkey, polysacchride capsule, oxidase-
Characteristics of E. coli
Gram- lactose-fermenting rods on MacConkey, oxidase-
Characteristics of Shigella
Gram- nonlactose-fermenting rods on MacConkey, nonmotile, no H2S production, oxidase-
Characteristics of Salmonella
Gram- nonlactose-fermenting rods on MacConkey, highly motile, H2S producer, oxidase-
Characteristics of Proteus
Gram- nonlactose-fermenting rods with swarming motility, H2S producer, urease+, oxidase-
Characteristics of Pseudomonas
Gram- nonlactose-fermenting rods on MacConkey oxidase+, aerobic, produces green pigment pyocyanin
Characteristics of C. jejuni
Gram- nonlactose-fermenting curved rods with flagella, oxidase+, microaerophillic
Characteristics of H. pylori
Gram- nonlactose-fermenting helical rods with flagella, oxidase+, urease+, microaerophillic
Characteristics of Vibrio cholera
Gram- nonlactose-fermenting curved rod with flagella, oxidase+ grows on alkaline media (thiosulfate)
Characteristics of Francisella
Gram- facultative intracellular rods, zoonosis, biowarfare
Characteristics of Yersinia
Gram- coagulase+ rods with bipolar stainnning, facultative intracellular, zoonosis
Characteristics of Gardnerella
Gram variable rod, positive whiff fishy smell test
Characteristics of Bacteroides
Gram- anaerobic rod
Characteristics of Treponema
Gram- spirochete, spiral-shaped with axial filaments, dark microscopy
Characteristics of Borrelia
Gram- spirochete, spiral-shaped with axial filaments, microaerophilic
Characteristics of Leptospira
Gram- spirochete, spiral question mark-shaped with axial filaments
Characteristics of Rickettsia
Gram- (doesn't stain well) obligate intracellular rods
Characteristics of Coxiella
Gram- (doesn't stain well) obligate intracellular rods
Characteristics of Chlamydia
Obligate intracellular bug seen in Giemsa stain. Wall lacks muramic acid. Elementary body is infective, reticulate bodies are replicating in the cell
Characteristics of Mycoplasma
Lacks peptidoglycan cell wall, does not gram stain. Cholesterols in membrane
Staph gastroenteritis
Nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, followed by diarrhea 2-6 hours after ingesting enterotoxin in custards, pastries, potato salad, canned meats
Infective acute endocarditis
Staph aureus. Fever, malaise, leukocytosis, murmur
Abscess and mastitis
Staph aureus. Pain, pus, redness, edema, warmth.
Toxic shock syndrome
Staph aureus or GAS. Fever hypotension, scarlatiform desquamating rash on palms and soles, multiorgan failure. Produced by superantigen TSST-1 toxin
Impetigo
Staph aureus or GAS. Erythematous papules to bullae (staph) or honey-crusted lessions (GAS)
Staph pneumonia
Typical acute severe pneumonia. Associated to Ccystic Phibrosis, CGD
MCC surgical infecitons
Staph aureus. Fever with cellulitis or abscess
MCC osteomyelitis
Staph aureus. Bone pain, fever, inflammation, lytic bone lessions on x-rays
"Honeymoon" cystitis
Staph saprophyticus. 2nd MCC UTI in sexually active women. Dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain.
3 MCC of ambulatory UTIs
E. coli, S. saprophyticus, Klebsiella
Infection of prosthetic devices and catheters
Staph. epidirmidis
Rx.: staph infections
Nafcillin, oxacillin. For MRSA: vancomycin
Pharyngitis
GAS. Abrupt onset of sore throat, fever, tonsillar abscesses, tender anterior cervical nodes. Rx.: penicillin or macrolide in case of allergy
Scarlet fever
GAS. Pharyngitis plus sandpaper rash (palm and soles spared), strawberry tongue, nausea
Rheumatic fever
Antibodies against GAS M protein cross-react with heart two weeks after a pharyngitis (Type II hypersensitivity). Jones major criteria: Fever, subcutaneous nodules, polyarthritis, carditis, erythema marginatum, chorea.
Acute postsrep glomerulonephritis
GAS M12 serotype. Immunocomplex deposition on GBM (type III hypersensitivity). Nephritic syndrome: hypertension, azotemia, edema, smoky urine (hematuria).
3 MCC of neonatal meningitis
GBS agalactiae, E. coli, Listeria
Diseases caused by Strep pneumoniae
MOPS: Meningitis, Otitis media (in children), Penumonia, Sinusitis; sepsis in asplenic sickle cell anemia.
Strep pneumonia virulence factors
Polysacchride capsule is major factor, IgA protease cleaves mucosal IgA, teichoic acids and peptidoglycan are highly inflammatory in CNS
Clinical features of typical pneumonia and Rx.
High fever, dyspnea, tachypnea, pleuritic chest pain, productive rusty sputum cough, lobar consolifation on x-ray. Rx.: macrolides
Pathophysiology of Strep. Viridans infection
Dextran biofilm mediated adherence to teeth or damaged/prosthetic heart valve and growth in vegetations. Causes dental caries and subacute endocarditis.
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
Strep viridans following dental work. "FROM JANE": fever, Roth retinal lessions, Osler painful nodules, murmur, Janeway painless lessions, anemia, nailbed hemorrhages, emboli. Rx.: penicillin G with aminoglycosides
Disease caused by enterococcus
Urinary/billiary tract infections and subacute bacterial endocarditis following prostate or GI surgery
Malignant pustule
Cutaneous anthrax by B. anthracis. Painless ulcer papule with vesicles have a central eschar necrosis with erythematous border and painful regional lymphadenopathy
Wool sorter's disease
Life-threatening pneumonia by B. anthracis on contact with animal hides. Cough, fever, facial edema, dyspnea, diaphoresis, cyanosis and shock with mediastinal hemorrhagic lymphadenitis
Bacillus gastroenteritis
Rapid onset gastroenteritis with watery diarrhea associated with reheated fried rice
Tetanus
C. tetani. Risus sardonicus (lock jaw), opisthotonus, extreme muscle spasms caused by tetanosmin block of inhibitors glycine and GABA. Rx.: Hyperimmune gamma globulin, metronidazole, diazepam
Disease caused by C. botulinum
"Floppy baby" flaccid paralysis by botulinum toxin block of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction. Flaccid paralysis, diplopia, dysphagia, disphonia. Associated with honey and canned vegetables
Gas gangrene
C. perfringes. Dirty wound with increasing pain, edema, gas, fever and tachycardia. Caused by alpha toxin which is a lecithinase that lyses tissue
Clostridium food poisoning
Enterotoxin in reheated meat dishes causes noninflammatory watery diarrhea in 8-24 hours
Pseudomembranous colitis
C. difficile enterotoxin damages mucosa. Diarrhea, colitis, pseudomembrane. Associated with clindamycin use in hospitalized patients. Tx.: metronidazole
MCC of meningitis in renal transplant or cancer patients
Listeria
Granulomatosis infactisepticum
Neonatal sepsis with disseminated granulomas after in-uterus transmission of Listeria. Associated with unpasterurized milk products, cold deli meats, soft cheeses.
Diptheria
Diptheria toxin inhibits EF-2 and protein synthesis. Causes pharyngitis with gray pseudomembrane. Complications are larynx obstruction, myocarditis, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
Actinomycosis
Oral/facial drainnning abscesses with sinus tracts in tissues with low oxygenation: cervicofacial, pelvic, solitary brain abscess
Nocardiosis
Cavitary pulmonary mycetomas in immunocompromised and cancer patients. Cough, fever, dyspnea, cavitations.
Pathophysiology of tuberculosis
Primary TB: replication in macrophages with subsequent CMI produces Gohn focus which is transported to hilar lymph nodes remaining latent. Secondary TB: a reinfection or immunocrompromise produces granulomas and cavitary lessions or disseminated milliary TB (CNS, vertebrae, kidneys GI).
M. tuberculosis pathogenic factors
Sulfatides in cell envelope inhibit phagosome lysosome fusion. Tuberculin induces CMI with casseating granulomas.
Clinical features of TB
Chronic productive cough, hemoptysis, weight loss
Leprosy
M. leprae invades nerve endings producing a strong CMI with granulomas (tuberculoid leprosy) or a weak CMI in which theres bacterial damage to nerves. Paresthesia (leads to trauma and burns), loss of eyebrows, destruction of nasal septum, lumpy ears, leonine features.
Meningococcus virulence factors
Polysacchride capsule is antiphagocytic; IgA protease allow oropharync colonization; endotoxin leads to septic shock in meningococcemia; deficiency of C5-C8 predisposes to bacteremia
Meningococcemia and meningitis
N. meningitidis. Abrupt onset of fever, chills, prostration and petecchial rash, nuchal rigidity. CSF: high pressure, high neutrophils, high protein, low glucose.
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Meningococemia leads to ecchymoses, DIC, bilateral adrenal infarct, shock, death.
Diseases caused by N. gonorrheae
Uretheral/vaginal leukorrhea; endocervicitis/PID; septic arthritis; neonatal opthalmia
Diseases caused by pseudomonas
"PSEUDOmonas": Pneumonia in CF and CGD; Sepsis with black necrotic lessions; External otitis "swimmer's ear"; UTI in catheterized patients; Diabetes and Drug-user Osteomyelitis. Associated with burns and wound infections; associated with respirators, humidifiers and water.
Legionnaires disease
Legionella. Atypical pneumonia associated with old age, immunosuppressed, smokers, water aerosols and air conditioning systems.
Tularemia
Francisella. Dermacentor tick bite produces ulceroglandular disease with ulcer at bite site and lymph node enlargement and necrosis. Associated with rabbit skinning in Arkansas and Missouri.
Whooping cough
B. pertussis. Repetitive cough with inspiratory whoops, anoxia and eye hemorrhages in unvaccinated children
Brucellosis/undulant fever
Brucella. Acute septicemia with high fever, profuse sweating and hepatomegaly. Associated with slaughterhouse animals and unpasteurized dairy products in California, Texas or travel to Mexico
Campylobacter gastroenteritis
MCC of inflammatory diarrhea in US. Abdominal pain, vomitting, bloody diarrhea with fecal leukocytes. Complication: Guillain-Barre syndrome due to cross-reactivity between Campylobacter oligosacchrides and neural glycosphingolipids.
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy caused by antibodies against Campylobacter (or other agents) cross reacting with neural glycosphingolipids. Acute onset of ascending paralysis with areflexia.
Helicobacter virulence factors
Motile flagella; Urease covers the bug in ammonium which neutralizes stomach acid; Mucinase aids in penetrating the mucin layer of stomach.
Diseases associated with Helicobacter
Chronic gastritis and 90% of duodenal peptic ulcers; gastric adenocarcinoma.
E. coli serotypes
"PITCH": EPEC (enteropathogenic=pediatric); EIEC (enteroinvasive=inflammatori diarrhea); ETEC (enterotoxigenic=traveler's diarrhea); EHEC (enterohemorrhagic=undercooked hamburgers)
MCC UTI
E.coli. Colonization of uroepithelium from fecal flora. Pyelonephritis-associated pilli (p. pili) is major virulence factor and allows adherence to uroepithelium
2nd MCC neonatal septicemia
E. coli from maternal fecal flora infects neonate during parturition. K1 serotype capsule and endotoxin are virulence factors
3 MCC nosocomial UTIs
E. coli, proteus, klebsiella
MCC gram- sepsis
E. coli. From indwelling IV catheters
Traveler's diarrhea
E coli. Associated with travel to third-world countries and children < 3 in third-world countries. Watery diarrhea produced by LT and ST toxins that stimulate adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase increasing cAMP.
2nd MCC of infantile diarrhea
EPEC (enteroPathogenic=Pediatric). Noninflamatory watery diarrhea in babies in developing countries. Adherance to M cells is virulence factor.
Diseases by EHEC
Bloody diarrhea withour leukocytes in stool or fever (distinguishes from shigellosis). Can cause HUS. Verotoxin shiga-like toxin inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with 60S ribosomal subunit.
Disease caused by EIEC
Watery inflammatory diarrhea with fever and fecal leukocytes
Shigella virulence factors
Endotoxin; invasion of M cells and polymeriazation of actin jet trails produce shallow ulcers; shiga toxin inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with 60S ribosomal subunit
Shigellosis
1-10 acid-resistant organisms needed for infection. Invasive bloody diarrhea with fever, abdominal cramps, tenesmus.
Diseases caused by K. pneumoniae
Typical pneumonia in alcoholics and diabetics with currant-jelly bloody sputum and lung abscesses. Nosocomial UTIs (3rd MCC) related with catheters. Septicemia in immunocompromised patients.
Granuloma inguinale
Subcutaneous nodules on genitals with bleeding ulcers. Caused by K. granulomatis. Associated with Caribbean and New Guinea patients. Donovan bodies encapsulated bacteria inside macrophages
Typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi. Large number of organisms ingested infect ileocecal region cause constipation. Bacteria reach basolateral side of M cells, lymph nodes and blood with positive blood culture at 1 week. Infection of liver and spleen with fever, headache and septicemis. 85% of stool cultures postive by week 3. Complication: necrosis and perforation of Peyer patches.
MCC inflammatory diarrhea
Campylobacter, salmonella enterica
MCC infantile diarrhea
Rotavirus, EIEC
Diseases caused by Salmonella enterica
Gastroenteritis with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, occasionally bloody stools; MCC osteomyelitis in sickle cell anemia patients. Associated with reptile pets and poultry.
Bubonic plague
Yersinia pestis. Rapidly increasing fever, regional buboes, conjunctivitis, pneumonia. Highly contagious zoonosis associated with rodents and prairie dogs.
Yersinia enterocolitis
Inflammatory bloody diarrhea, fever, pseudoappendicitis. Associated with cold northern climates (Michigan, Scandinavia), unpasteurized milk and pork, pet puppies.
Disease associated with proteus
2nd MCC nosocomial UTIs, struvite renal stones due to urease.
Weil-Felix reaction
Anti-rickettsial antibodies cross-react with proteus antigens. Positive for Rocky Mountain spotted fever (ricketsia rickettsi) and typhus (rickettsia typhi). Negative for Q fever (coxiella)
Gardnerella vaginosis
Vaginal fishy odor and thin gray vaginal discharge. Caused by reduction of vaginal Lactobacillus when vaginal pH > 4.5.
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae. Profuse rice watery diarrhea and dehydration. Cholera toxin ADP ribosylates Gs increasing adenylate cyclase and cAMP with efflux of Cl- and H2O.
Disease caused by Pasteurella
Cellulitis and lymphadenitis associated with cat bites
Disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae
"haEMOPhilus": Epiglotitis (MCC); Meningitis in unvaccinated children (MCC); Otitis media; Pneumonia in COPD patients.
Painful chancroid
Haemophilus ducreyi. Chancroid and soft painful genital ulcers
Diseases caused by Bacteroides
Septicemia, peritonitis, abdominal abscess after trauma or emergency abdominal surgery
Primary syphilis
T. pallidum. Painless indurated chancre, highly contagious, heals in 3-6 weeks.
Secondary syphilis
T. pallidum. Condylomata lata flat wartlike perianal and mucous membrane lessions, highly contagious. Maculopapular rash
Tertiary syphilis
T. pallidum. Gumman (syphilitic granulomas); aortitis and syphilitic aneurysms (obliterative endarteritis of vasa vasorum); tabes dorsalis (ataxia, Romberg+); "Prostitute" pupil "accomodates but does not react"
Congenital syphilis
Stillbirth, keratitis, deafness, desquamating maculopapular rash
VDRL test
Antitreponemal antibodies in 1ary and 2dary syphilis cross-react with cow heart antigens. Sensitive but not specific.
FTA-ABS test
Fluorescent antibodies agglutinate treponema sample. Specific for syphilis.
Lyme disease
Ixodes deer ticks transmit Borrelia. Bull's eye erythema migrans; severe headache, meningitis, Bell palsy; arrhythmias and miocarditis; migratory poliarthritis. Associated with northeastern states.
Leptospirosis
Myalgia, abdominal pain, hepatitis with combined jaundice. Associated with urine-contaminated waters (jet skiers and sewer workers)
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
R. rickettsii transmitted by tick dermacentor. Fever, headache and maculopapular to petechial rash begins in wrists and ankles and spreads to trunk (centripetal rash). Associated with east coast mountains. Weild-Felix+
Q fever
Coxiella. Fever, pneumonia and granulomatous hepatitis. Weil-Felix negative
MCC of bacterial STD
Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K
Diseases caused by chlamydia trachomatis
Serotypes D-K cause urethritis, cervicitis, PID and infertility, inclusion conjunctivitis; Lymphogranuloma venereum and genital elephatiasis in Africa, Asia, South America. Serotypes A, B, C follicular conjunctivitis with corneal scarring and blindness.
3 MCC of atypical pneumonia
Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia pneumoniae
Walking pneumonia
Mycoplasma. MCC of pneumonia in adults 18-40 years. Atypical pneumonia with persistent hacking cough and no sputum.
What is a plasmid?
Extra chromosomal genetic elements non-essential for life. Contain genes for fertility, antibiotic resistance and exotoxins.
What is a bacteriophage?
Prophage (bacterial virus) DNA is stable inside the bacterial chromosome (temperate phage). Usually encodes virulence factors such as exotoxins. Temperate phages = lysogeny.
What is a transposon?
Mobile genetic elements (jumping genes). From plasmid to chromosome or vice versa. Ususally associated with multiple drug resistance genes.
What is homologous recombination?
Incorporates and stabilizes genes acquired by transformation, conjugation or transduction. A linear sequence of DNA is exchanged into a homologous or similar sequence of the bacterial chromosome. DNA outside the bacterial chromosome is lost.
What is site-specific recombination?
Integration of circular pieces of DNA (plasmids, phages, transposons) into the bacterial chromosome. No homology is required, no DNA is lost.
What is transformation?
DNA is taken up from the environment by competent bacteria and incorporated by homologous recombination.
F+ x F- conjugation
F+ contains conjugation genes. Sex pilus coded by F+ plasmid tranfers plasmid to F- cell. No chromosomal genes are transferred.
Hfr x F- conjugation
Hfr cell has plasmid integrated into the chromosomal DNA which is transferred to F- cell along with chromosomal DNA.
Generalized transduction
A lytic phage acquires some bacterial DNA and carries to the next bacteria after lysis. Any gene can be transduced.
Specialized transduction
A temperate lysogenic phage carries a mistankenly excised flanking chromosomal gene to the next bacteria. Only specific flanking genes are transferred with phage.
Autoclave
Steam under 15lbs pressure at 121 degrees celsius for 15-20 minutes. Or dry heat for 2 hours at 180 degrees celsius.
Membrane damaging disinfectants
Use for enveloped viruses: detergents (benzalkonium), alcohol, phenols
Protein denaturing disinfectants
Use for naked capsid viruses. Chlorine, iodine, H2O2, formaldehyde, alkylating agents.