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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What aerobic bacteria are commonly found in the nose and nasopharynx
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Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis
Corynebacteria spp. (diphtheroids) Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Sometimes Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes |
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What aerobic bacteria are commonly found in the oropharynx
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Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis
alpha hemolytic streptococci Corynebacteria sp. (diphtheroids) Moraxella catarrhalis Also Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus sp |
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What anaerobic bacteria are in the nose, nasopharynx and oropharynx
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Bacteroides
Fusobacterium Peptostreptoccus |
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What are the pulmonary defense mechanisms
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Barriers to aspiration
Tracheobronchial mucociliary action Oropharyngeal colonization with avirulent commensals Alveolar and circulating phagocytic cells Immunoglobulins and complement components |
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How do microbes reach the lungs and pleural spaces
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Inhalation
Aspiration of oropharyngeal contents Lymphohematogenous spread Penetration of the thoracic wall or diaphragm |
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What particle can reach the alveoli
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Those less than 3 microns in diameter. Larger particles are trapped in mucus at higher levels or excluded from airways
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What are some microbes than can reach the alveoli by inhalation of small particles
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila |
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Name two systemic infections that spread to the lungs via the blood
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Pneumonic plague and typhoid pneumonia
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Intravenous drug users are at high risk of developing intravascular infection that may be complicated by what
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Hematogenous pneumonia
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What are some risk factors for aspiration
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Impaired consciousness
Esophageal dysfunction Disruption of normal protective barriers |
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When culturing a sputum specimen, what should it have
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Mucus and inflammatory cells, not just saliva
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What is the 5th cause of death in the US
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Pneumonia plus influenza.
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What causes 60% of community acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization
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Pneumococci
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What typically causes acute onset of illness, often with a single episode of shaking chills; cough rapidly becomes productive, and sputum may be rust colored or blood tinged; shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain are common
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Pneumococcal pneumonia
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What is the pathology of pneumococcal pneumonia
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Alveoli initially become filled with fluid and later are filled with acute inflammatory exudate.
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In pneumococcal pneumonia, what does sputum smear reveal
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Abundant polymorphonuclear leukocytes and gram positive diplococci
CXR will show patchy, lobular or lobar consolidation |
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What are some factors that suggest a poor prognosis for pneumococcal pneumonia
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Bacteremia
Type 3 pneumococci Old age B cell immunodeficiency Splenectomy or functional asplenia Underlying diseases (Diabetes, CHF, COPD) Multilobe involvement Leukopenia |
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Why are pneumonias caused by Gram-negative bacteria often more severe with higher fatalities
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Most of the Gram-negative bacteria that cause pneumonia have capsules that resist phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils
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How does atypical pneumonia syndrome differ from typical pneumonia
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Illness typically is less severe and less acute in onset. Cough is nonproductive or less purulent, with no predominant organism visible on gram stain or sputum. CXR variable, but lobar consolidation is uncommon
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Anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections may lead to what
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Aspiration syndromes; lung abscess, empyema
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