Bacterial Genetics And Anti Resistance

Front 1

Describe the bacterial chromosome

Back 1

dsDNA in circular genes
plasmids may store other genes (smaller pieces of DNA in cytoplasm)
operons allow or don't allow expression of genes

Front 2

explain how mutations can occur

Back 2

occur thru:
a. base mutations
b. deletions
c. inversions
d. duplications
e. transpositions
f. spontaneious (rare) and induced mutations (mutagens-uv light)

Front 3

Define the three methods of intracellular DNA transfer

Back 3

transformation, conjugation, transduction

Front 4

Transformation

Back 4

1. donor cell releases free DNA
2. free DNA binds to recipient cell and is fragmented
3. fragemnts incroporate into recipeint cell DNA

Front 5

Conjugation

Back 5

Plasmids can transfer themselves; sometimes they integrate into chromsomes
when transferred it drags the crhsomoe along with it

Front 6

Transduction

Back 6

use of a phage (bacteria infected w/virus) to transfer genes from one bacterial cell to another;
a. generalized-transferes any bacterial gene
b. specialized-only transfers genes adjacent to site of integration

Front 7

List wasys bacteria can resist antibiotics:

Back 7

1. degrade or alter it (B-lactamase & Aminoglycoside)
2. efflux pump-tetracycline
3. uptake reduced-cepahlosporin
4. overprodctuion of trage-sulfonamide
5. alteration of target-pencillin binding proteins (traspeptidase) & 50S ribsomoal subunit modified so that it still functions but macorlide can no longer bind

Front 8

Explain the importance of R plasmids

Back 8

R plamsids-small circlues of DNA that ofen caryry genes for antibotic resistnace, toxin production, orther virulence factors; leads to antiotic resitance

Front 9

Explain the importance of transposons

Back 9

reistant genes that jumping genes; carry insertion genes and can readily insert into bacteria; seen in antibotic resistance

Front 10

Chromsome repliaction

Back 10

always is the 5----> 3 direction; semiconservation, fast and accurate