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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Haploid |
Cell has one copy of every chromosome |
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Diploid |
Cell has two copies of every chromosome |
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Mutation |
Change in DNA sequence / sequence is the order of nitrogenous bases / this is a random event bacteria have no control over it/ a change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell's DNA that is passed on to daughter cell |
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Mutant |
Organism that has a mutation |
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Auxotroph |
Mutant that is no longer able to synthesize a nutrient for itself it must now acquire it from the environment |
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Wild type |
An organism that does not have a mutation |
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Genotype |
The genes itself (piece of DNA) |
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Phenotype |
Expression of genes |
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Mutation |
Is bacteria different properties some may be able to survive in certain environments better than others. Is a way bacteria can adapt to their environment |
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Gene transfer |
A way that bacteria can adapt to their environment bacteria can transfer copies of their DNA to other bacteria essentially sharing it |
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Regulating gene expression |
Turning genes on and off as necessary |
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Base substitution |
What are more than one incorrect base is added during DNA synthesis |
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Point mutation |
One of the base substitutions, if only one base is incorrect |
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Missense mutation |
If a different amino acid is inserted into the protein protein has some functionality but does not work as well as a wild-type protein a form of base substitution |
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Nonsense mutation |
A stop codon is inserted in the middle of the sequence the entire protein is not translated it is therefore unfunctional of form of base substitution |
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Knockout mutation |
And activates the entire Gene it is not subscribed or translated no protein is made at all this is a form of base substitution |
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Deletion |
What are more than one base is removed this is another type of mutation this one can cause frameshift mutation the ribosome reads the transcript in the wrong frame ie the wrong codons |
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Insertion |
One or more bases are added this could cause a frameshift mutation also this is also a mutation type |
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Transposable element (aka transposon aka jumping gene) |
A large segment of DNA that removes itself from its original position and inserts itself somewhere else in the chromosome. Causes of large insertion mutation of functional protein is not made |
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Vertical Gene transfer |
Transfer of genes from parent to offspring |
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Transduction |
Mechanism of horizontal Gene transfer in which bacterial DNA is transferred inside of phage coat |
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Protoroph |
A microorganism that does not require any organic growth factors |
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Plasmid |
An extra chromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independently in the chromosome |
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Horizontal Gene transfer |
DNA transfer from one bacterium to another by conjugation, DNA mediated transformation or transduction |
