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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacterial Gene Transfer (Horizontal Gene Transfer)
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Responsible for the emergence of new pathogens
Bacterial with newly acquired virulence properties |
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Transformation
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Free/naked donor DNA is taken up by recpient bacterium
Donor DNA derived from lysed cells |
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Transduction
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DNA from a donor bacterium is carried to a recipient by a bacteriopahge (phage)
Packaged DNA may random or specific chromasomal sequences |
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Conjugation
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Transfer of donor DNA to recipient bacterium mediated by a plasmid
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Bavteriophage (phage)
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viruses that replicate in bacterial cells
Generaly lack membrane envelope May be lytic or lysogenic |
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Staphylococcus
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Antiobic resitante
Toxic Shock Toxins No Memebrane envelope |
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Plasmids
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Small circular DNA found in Gram (-) and (+)
Replicate independtly of the chromosome |
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Chromosome of Bacteria
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Single copy per cell (haploid) mutations expressed immediatly
No introns |
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Operons
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Arrangement of related genes grouped
Allows for rapid adaptation to changing environment Not all genes expressed on operons Ex: E.Coli lac operon |
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Polycistronic mRNA
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more than one gene per mRNA
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Duplication
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Redundant segment of DNA
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Frameshift mutation
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small deletion or insertion that is not in multiples of three
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Inversions
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Result when a string of bases is deleted followed by reinserion of the sequence in the OPPISITE direction
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Antigenic Variation
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Expression of different variants on a surface
Ex: we all have hair but it is different color |
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Insertion Sequences (IS)
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DNA segment capable of replicating itself into a new site in the chromosome by site specific recombination
Usually occurs in AT rich areas |
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Transposons (Tn)
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IS elements elementthat flank a structural gene and carry this gene with them to new genome sites
Some transposons are conjugative and can mediate their own transfer between cells |
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Integrons
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IS elements or Tn with capacity to form multiple gene clusters
Site specific recombination Transcribed in the same direction |
