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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Base analogs
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Type of mutagen.
Incorporated into DNA during replication, causing mispairing |
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Example of base analog
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5-bromouracil, looks like thymine
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Four types of mutagens
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1) base analogs
2) Modifications of base structures 3) Intercalating agents 4) DNA damage |
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Modification of base structures, example?
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Type of mutagen
alkylating agents which adds methyl group, affects pairing |
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Intercalating agents
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Mutagen that insert into and distort DNA
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Example of intercalating agent
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Ethidium bromide
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DNA damage
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mutagen, can't act as replication template
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Example of DNA damage
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UV radiation, ionizing radiation, carcinogens
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Two mutations that stop amino acid translation
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nonsense mutation
frameshift mutation |
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Different types of point mutations
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Silent mutation
Missense mutation Nonsense mutation |
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Other types of mutations
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Frameshift
Insertion/Deletion Forward Reverse |
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Methods of horizontal Gene Transfer
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Conjugation
Transformation Transduction |
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Types and definitions of Transduction
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Generalized - conducted by virulent phages
Specialized - take up only specific pieces of DNA, conducted by temperate phages |
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U-tube experiment
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Complementary auxotrophs on each side of tube with membrane filter.
Conclusion: must be physical contact for recombination to occur |
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Tatum and Ledenberg experiment
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Mix auxotrophic bacteria together with >2 mutations.
Conclusion: Bacteria recombination occurs |
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Transposase
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enzyme that recognizes the IR (inverted repeats) and promotes transposition
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Insertion sequences
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IS - short sequence of DNA containing only genes required for transposition, flanked by inverted repeats
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Important of Transposons
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1) Mutation or DNA rearrangement
2) Termination sequences to block 3) Promoters that activate genes 4) Some bear transfer genes --> conjugative transposon |
