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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Haploid Short Generation Time Asexual Reproduction Form Colonies on Plate Can Serially Dilute Can Easily Select For Easy to Store stock solutions Undergo genetic exchange |
What characteristics of bacteria make them easy to study? |
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Nitrogenous base Pentose C-ring PO4 group |
What is the composition of DNA/RNA? |
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Nucleoside |
Base + pentose ring |
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Nucleotide |
Nucleoside + phosphate group |
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Gene |
Region of DNA responsible for encoding RNA |
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Repetitive Elements |
Having a >12 NT sequence present multiple times |
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Variable Number Tandem Repeats ~2-10 bp long |
VNTR |
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Short Sequence Repeats |
SSR |
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Repetitive Extragenic Palindrome |
REP |
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Pseudogenes |
Evolutionary gene remnants |
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Cryptic Genes |
Not normally expressed, but can if mutated |
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Prophage |
Inserted bacteriophage |
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Plasmids |
Non-chromosomal DNA that replicated independently of the chromosome |
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DNA Supercoiling |
Excess or deficiency of turns in the primary helix relative to relaxed DNA |
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Topoisomerases |
Enzymes that change DNA topology |
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Nuclease Ligase ATPase |
What are the different kinds of topoisomerases? |
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Nick DNA |
What do type 1 topoisomerases do? |
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Break DNA |
What do type 2 topoisomerases do? |
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DNA Gyrase |
What is the only topoisomerase to introduce - supercoils? |
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Introduce negative supercoils |
How does gyrase change the topology of DNA when in the presence of ATP? |
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Removes ALL supercoils |
How does gyrase change the topology of DNA when in the absence of ATP? |
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Catenanes |
Interlocked circles of DNA |
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Condensins |
Hold chromosome in domains Involved in decatenation |
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HU |
Among most abundant and conserved nucleoid associated protein in bacteria May constrain topological domains |
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When DnaA is high enough to bind oriC, replication initiation begins |
How does DnaA aid in DNA replication inititiation? |
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Replication proteins dephosphorylate DNA to prevent immediate re-initiation of replication |
Why doesn't DNA immediately re-initiate replication? |
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SeqA |
Binds hemimethylated GATC/GAmTC I sequester oriC to membrane Prevents DnaA binding to oriC |
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The presence of methionine |
How do you separate the parent strand from the newly replicated strand? |
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Time to replication DNA |
C |
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Time between end of replication and cell division |
D |
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Time between initiations of replication |
I |
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Cell doubling time |
T 1/2 |
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Replicate Act as code Ability to be changed |
What are the functions of genetic material? |
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Transcription |
Decoding of DNA into RNA |
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NTP |
Ribonucleoside triphosphates to be added to growing chain |
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XTP |
5' terminal ribonucleoside triphosphate |
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Pi |
Pyrophosphate given off each time a nucleoside is added |
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RNA Polymerase |
RNAP |
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Primase |
RNAP used in DNA replication |
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Promoter recognition |
a |
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Structural role in beta conformation and recruitment |
w |
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Core RNA polymerase combined with sigma |
Holoenzyme |
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Core RNA polymerase bound to DNA strand |
Loose Complex |
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rNTP/DNA/RNA binding |
B |
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Template binding |
B' |
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Promoter |
Region where RNAP binds |
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Proximal |
Part of RNA closest to +1 |
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Distal |
RNA furthest away from +1 |
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A/G |
What is usually the first NT in RNA at the start point? |
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Pribnow box |
Sequence that is AT rich at the -10 site |
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~17 |
What's the distance between the -35 site and the -10 site? |
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UP element -35 site -10 site |
What makes a strong promoter? |
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An extended -10 box |
What does a promoter lacking a -35 site have? |
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UP element -35 box -10 box |
What makes a strong promoter? |
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Missing -35 box |
What makes a promoter weak? |
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An extended -10 box |
Many promoters lacking a -35 box have a what? |
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Closed Complex |
RNAP binds DNA |
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RNAP binds DNA RNAP conformational change/DNA melts Add nucleotides Sigma dissociates |
What are the 4 steps to transcription initiation? |
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Open Complex |
RNAP bound to DNA and undergoes conformational change DNA starts to melt |
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Closed Complex where RNAP first binds to DNA |
RPc |
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Open complex where RNAP undergoes a conformational change and melts DNA |
RPo |
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Transcription Elongation Complex |
TEC |
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Locus |
A site within a genome (often a gene) that has been identified and mapped by genetic analysis |
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Open reading Frame (ORF) |
A genetic sequence that can be translated into a polypeptide |
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Allele |
A variant or alternative form of a gene |
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Temperature Sensitive |
Ts |
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Cold Sensitive |
Cs |
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Ochre Mutation |
Oc |
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Opal Mutation |
Op |
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Amber Mutation |
Am |
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Plasmids |
p |
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Resistant |
R |
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Sensitive |
S |
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Wild type phenotype |
+ |
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Mutation |
Change in DNA sequence |
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Mutant |
Organism that carries a mutation |
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Auxotroph |
A mutant that can not make or utilize a nutrient that the wild type can |
