Bacterial Diseases Of The Urinary And Reproductive Systems

Front 1

Gonorrhea is caused by?

Back 1

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Front 2

Neisseria gonorrhoeae gram designation and morphology and additional facts?

Back 2

• Gram -
• diplo coccus
• very suseptible from cold and drying
• Fastidious in laboratory
• Grown on chocolate agar
• Which is a blood agar that is heated during preparation

Front 3

Gonorrhea facts?

Back 3

• Very common STD with over 300,000 reported cases per year in the U.S., actual number of cases may be 2-3 times that number
• Spreads quickly because up to 80% of infected women may be asymptomatic for a significant period of time (months-years)

Front 4

Diagnosis of Gonorrhea?

Back 4

• Complete a gram stain of a vaginal smear of sample from penis
• Also serologic tests available

Front 5

Transmission of Gonorrhea?

Back 5

• Sexual contact with symptomatic or asymptomatic individual

Front 6

Optomalia neonatorum?

Back 6

• Infant blindness
• Occurs when Neisseria gonorrhea is transferd at birth through vaginal canal of an infected mother
• Treated by flushing infants eyes with antibiotics (until 1982: Crede's solution (silver nitrate)) Now we use penicillin ointment, tetracycline, or urithomycin.

Front 7

Gonorrhea incubation period?

Back 7

• 2-8 days

Front 8

Male Symptoms of gonorrhea?

Back 8

• fever
• discharge from penis
• painful urination inflammation/ may result in scarring of the vas deferens (tubes that transport sperm)
• May lead to partial or full infertility
• If left untreated, infection can become systemic and spread to organs/joints
• form of arthritis associated with gonorrhea infections

Front 9

Female Symptoms of gonorrhea?

Back 9

• Discharge from vagina
• fever
• burning sensation upon urination
• abdominal pain
• inflammation and scarring of the Fallopian tubes
• possible permanent sterility or sub-fertility
• ectopic pregnancies may occur
• If left untreated, infection can spread to bloodstream (septicemia)
• May experience pelvic inflammatory Disease (PID) which is an infection of the cervix, fallopian tubes, etc.

Front 10

Treatment of Gonorrhea?

Back 10

• Cephalosporins (used to use penicillin but resistance became a problem)

Front 11

Syphilis is caused by?

Back 11

• Treponema pallidum

Front 12

Treponema pallidum gram designation and morphology?

Back 12

• gram -
• spirochete

Front 13

Transmission of syphilis?

Back 13

• Can occur during both primary and secondary stages
• typically occurs through sexual contact
• vertical transmission from mother to fetus is also possible in all stages of the disease however its most likely during primary or secondary stages

Front 14

Treponema pallidum facts?

Back 14

• Can very easily penetrate mucus membranes and underlying tissue because its a spirochete
• able to move to any organ in the body
• very susceptible to drying, and wont survive very long outside its host

Front 15

Syphilis incubation period?

Back 15

• 10-90 days

Front 16

Progression of syphilis: Stage 1 primary stage

Back 16

• Chancre forms
• Which is a hard, rubbery, usually painless lesion
• Chancre will resolve and disappear after 1-6 weeks
• Chancre will appear at the site of infection
• After another 1-6 weeks, organism will become systemic in its host
• No silent carriers of syphilis, anyone infected will develop chancre's
• During the primary stage we see a 25% spontaneous recover rate

Front 17

Progression of syphilis: Stage 2 Secondary stage

Back 17

• Occurs 6 weeks to 6 months after the chancre's disappear
• at this point, organism is disseminated through the bloodstream and lymph system
• This stage is the best time to screen for syphilis

Front 18

Stage 2 Secondary Stage Symptoms?

Back 18

• Legions in mucus membranes
• generalized body rash
• rash fluid is very rich in spirochetes and very contagious
• fever (very slight increase in temperature)
• malaise
• white patches on lips and tongue

Front 19

Treatment for Stage 2 Secondary stage syphilis?

Back 19

• Penicillin G
• Spontaneous recovery not likely

Front 20

Progression of syphilis: Stage 3 Latent syphilis

Back 20

• Occurs when hosts immune system reaches a stalemate with pathogen
• symptoms dissapear
• no outward signs of syphilis
• will test positive for serologic tests
• this stage may occur more than once
• becomes less contagious over time as well as less responsive to treatment (damage cannot be reversed)

Front 21

Progression of syphilis: Stage 4 tertiary stage

Back 21

• can occur 5-40 years later
• very destructive due to development of devastating ulcerating lesions called gummas
• Not contagious in this stage
• all body systems targeted in this stage
• 1 in 4 syphilis patients will develop to tertiary stage
• can still treat with IV Penicillin for 10 days however, damage is not reversible

Front 22

Congenital Syphilis?

Back 22

• Happens when spirochetes cross placental barrier and infect the fetus
• Can occur during any stage of the disease but is most likely during primary and secondary stages

Front 23

Congenital syphilis possible consequences?

Back 23

• still birth
• infant disorders including deafness, neurological impairment, bone deformities
• Hutchinson's teeth
• perforation of the palate
• only severe cases are apparent at birth

Front 24

Congenital syphilis treatment?

Back 24

• Penicillin G for 10 days
• damage is irreversible but further damage can be prevented

Front 25

Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by?

Back 25

• Chlamydia trachomatous

Front 26

Lymphogranuloma venereum facts?

Back 26

• begins with painless genital lesions
• most common in the tropics

Front 27

Transmission of Lymphogranuloma venereum?

Back 27

• Intimate sexual contact

Front 28

Incubation period for lymphogranuloma venereum?

Back 28

• 3-30 days

Front 29

Lymphogranuloma venereum symptoms?

Back 29

• painless genital legions
• fever
• chills
• headache
• joint pains
• anorexia
• lymph nodes of the groin may become inflamed resulting in lymph fluid being able to travel down but unable to drain
• results in gross enlargement of lower limbs or genitalia

Front 30

Lymphogranuloma venereum treatment?

Back 30

• Rarely fatal
• treated with tetracycline
• treatment may take weeks to months
• surgical intervention may be necessary to drain the excess lymph fluid

Front 31

Nongonoccal Urethritis (NGU) caused by?

Back 31

• Chlamydia trachomatous

Front 32

Nongonoccal Urethritis (NGU) facts?

Back 32

• Most common STD in U.S. but is not reportable to CDC
• In newborns commonly found as eye infections

Front 33

Incubation period for nongonoccal urethritis?

Back 33

• 1-3 weeks but may be as long as several months

Front 34

Symptoms of nongonoccal urethritis?

Back 34

• discharge from penis or vagina
• women may be asymptomatic

Front 35

nongonoccal urethritis treatment?

Back 35

• Tetracycline
• urithomycin
• both male and female must be treated

Front 36

Chlamydia is caused by?

Back 36

• Chlamydia trachomatus

Front 37

Chlamydia facts?

Back 37

• most common reported STD in U.S.
• in 2011 1.4 million reported cases
• estimated actually 3 million cases
• Not all infected individuals are symptomatic for many years (referred to as the silent infection)

Front 38

Chlamydia transmission?

Back 38

• Sexually transmitted
• no immunity

Front 39

Chlamydia incubation period?

Back 39

• 1-3 weeks but may be asymptomatic for years

Front 40

Female Chlamydia symptoms?

Back 40

• Vaginal discharge
• burning/itching upon urination
• bleeding after intercourse
• PID and ectopic pregnancies possible
• sterility possible

Front 41

Male Chlamydia symptoms?

Back 41

• Discharge from penis
• burning sensation upon urination
• swelling of one or both testicles
• complications in men are rare but may include sterility

Front 42

Congenital and or Neonatal Chlamydia infections consequences?

Back 42

• preterm labor
• preterm rupture of membranes surrounding the fetus
• low birth wheights
• eye and lung infections of the neonate

Front 43

Diagnosis of Chlamydia?

Back 43

• Swab and do gram stain
• examine with microscope
• can also do serologic tests

Front 44

Chlamydia treatment?

Back 44

• Doxycycline (100 mg 2-3 times a day for 10-14 days)
• Zithromax (azithromycin) 1.0 gram single dose

Front 45

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

Back 45

• Isnt technically STI, caused by misuse of tampons, S. aureus produces toxin
• 1979-80 initial outbreak 1,000 cases
• 99% females, 98% of these were menstruating and most were using super absorbent tampons and were not changing them frequently enough
• Infection occurs when organism produces a toxin called toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) (Produced by S. aureus)

Front 46

Other ways TSS can occur?

Back 46

• In nasal surgery in which absorbent packing is used
• in surgical incisions, and in women who have just given birth

Front 47

Toxic Shock Syndrome symptoms?

Back 47

• fever
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• blood pressure decreases and patient goes into shock
• sunburn like rash
• desquamate and peels about 10 days after onset

Front 48

Toxic Shock Syndrome treatment?

Back 48

• Requires hospitalization
• antibiotics used such as clindamycin