Bacterial Anatomy

Front 1

describe the 4 primary componenets of a bacterial cell and their function

Back 1

1. capsule-prevents uptake; anti-phagocytic
2. ribosomes-dry weight-50% ribsomes
3. cytoplasmic inclusions-
4. DNA is coiled into a neculoid or plasmid*
5. double helix DNA structure

Front 2

General componenets of a bacterial cell wall-

Back 2

rod shaped; e-coli
gram + fimbraie
gram - pilli
1-3 microns
Outer membrane plays a role in SHOCK-endotoxin-->lipopolysaccharide

Front 3

4 features of cytoplasm

Back 3

1. site of metabolic act
2. packed w/ribsomes (30s+50s=70s); that are smaller than in e cells-targets bacteria; (s-->sedentation
3. most exist as polysomes..grops of ribsomes
4.inclusion bodies..storeage granuls and gas vacuolues

Front 4

5 features of cell wall

Back 4

1. peptidoglycan, murein layer-w/o this orga will burst
2. absent in eukarytoes
3. deinite struture; NAM and NAG give shape
4. provides shape and strenght
5. murein layer is unique to bacteria
a. site for lysozyme-can cut murein layer
b. site for many antibotics: pencillin, cephalopsoins, vancoymocin
*drugs target this layer b/c not in humans

Front 5

Gram stainig

Back 5

differentiates bw large peptidocyclan layer:
1. gram + has petpidocylan layer--purple
2. gram - thin peptidoglycan layer-pink stain (lipid A is a strong immunogen)
3. cystal violet-penetrates both types of bacteria-after EtOH wash, counterstain w/saffrini, pink stains negative

Front 6

cytoplasmic membrane
"prom"

Back 6

serves as the osmotic barrier
1. invovled in specific transport
2. site of respiration
3. highly metabolic
4. composed of phospholipids (hydrophilic head and tail) & protein (transport nuts across the membrane, generates ATP, and senses environemtn change)

Front 7

Nucleoid

Back 7

single closed cirucle of ds DNA and is convouluted with foldings; NOT enclosed by membrane(maybe reason why bacteria replicate so quickly)

Front 8

plasmid

Back 8

smaller circles of DNA that ofen carry genes for antibotic resistance or toxin production (other virulence factors)-important in genetic exchange

Front 9

outer wall

Back 9

in gram - ONLY; have outer membrane in addition to peptidoglcayn (thin)
1. protects cell from toxic material and froms the periplams which contains adigestistive NZs
2. proins-allow entry of nut moleucles into periplasm-broken down-gets into cell
3. lipopolysaccharide--endotoxin
a. o-specififc side chain-made of CHO
b. lipid A-most virulent portion
c. fatty chain acids

Front 10

3 features of the envelope

Back 10

a. anything o/side cytoplasm
b. w/capsule: virulent (S)
c. w/o capsule avirulent (R)

Front 11

3 more features of envelope

Back 11

d. gram neg vs. gram +
e. mycoplasma-no PG layer-so cytoplasmic membrane only
f. capsule=glycolcalyx(exopolysaccharide)(exopolysaccharide):

Front 12

Gram negative bacteria

Back 12

1. capsules
2. outer membranes
3. their murein layer is thin
4. cytoplasmic membranes

Front 13

Gram positive bacteria

Back 13

1. capsules (slime layer)
2. a think murien layer
3. cytoplasmic membranes

Front 14

Mycoplasmsa

Back 14

lack a cell wall-they have cytoplamsic membranes only

Front 15

3 features of the capsule

Back 15

--made of glycoclayxx (exopolysaccharide)
1. viscouse, fibrous, matrix that is antigpahgocytic
2. encapsulated strains are referred to as smooth (S)
3. noneencapsulated strains are rough (R)

Front 16

appendages:

Back 16

Outer portion of bacterial cell: include Pili (-) or fimbraie (+)
and
flagella

Front 17

Pili - or fimbriae +(interchangeable terms) types

Back 17

2 types:
a. common type-used for adhesion/attachment
b. sex type-involved in genetic transfer: ex-in E-coli

Front 18

Flagella

Back 18

provides motility, driven by pmf, consists of long helical filament, flexible hook, and a basal body-sitff area that rotates quickly counterclockwise
a. turns at speeds up to 1000rpm (counterclockwise)
b. provides chemotaxis to cells
c. senses environemnt-swims tward good

Front 19

5 features of prokarytos (see chart in printed out objs on gold CD)

Back 19

1. bacteria are prokarytotes-relatively small
2. no nuclear membrane
3. cytoplams rich in ribosomes
4. have plasmids
metabolize and grow so fast bc they're small: grow 10-100 times faster:s ome can double in 20 secs

Front 20

4 features of eukarytoes:

Back 20

1. everything (aside from prokarytoes) and are 10-100 times larger
2. nuclear membrane is present
3. ribosomes are on rER
4. usually plasmids are absent, but some DNA is in mitochondria
5. clockswise-they tumble

Front 21

desribe the humna-pathogen dynamic

Back 21

if there is a lot of pathogenicity-bacteria are favored and host defenses fight bacteria

Front 22

inflammatory response in Gram - and gram +

Back 22

so sepsis in both

Front 23

What provides entry of nutrient molecules into gram-negative moldues?

Back 23

porins

Front 24

3 types of human-bacterial interactions

Back 24

1. mutualism-a mutually beneficial assoication (some normal flora)
2. commensalism: one org mya benefit but neighter is harmed (most normal flora)
3. pariasititism: one org lives at the expense of the other and may do harm (pathogen)

Front 25

Invasivness involves what 3 factors:

Back 25

1. colonization
2. ability to bypass or overcome host defesnes
3. production of extracellular substances which faciliate invasion

Front 26

Toxigenesi

Back 26

1. soluble
2. transported by blood/or lymph
3. cause cytotoxic effects at tissue sites

Front 27

Classification of bacteria based off of what 3 things:

Back 27

1. morphology size
2. gram stain or other diff stain such as acid fast stain
3. specific antigens, biocemcal epxression or gentic makeup