Bacteria And Viruses

Front 1

What are the 8 levels of taxonomy?

Back 1

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Front 2

What are the three domains?

Back 2

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Front 3

What are the two kingdoms of bacteria?

Back 3

Eubacteria and archaebacteria

Front 4

How do eubacteria and archaebacteria differ?

Back 4

Archaebacteria live in more extreme environments and lack peptidogylcan. Their membrane lipids are different. The DNA sequences of key archaebacterial genes are more similar to eukaryotes than eubacteria.

Front 5

What are the three possible shapes of bacteria cells?

Back 5

Rod shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci), and corkscrew shaped (sprilla)

Front 6

What is an autotroph?

Back 6

Autotrophs are selffeeding. Some use photosynthesis and use light energy to convert CO2 and water to carbon compounds and oxygen (photoautotroph). Others oxidize inorganic molecules like nitrogen, sulfur or iron (chemoautotroph). Example: cyanobacteria

Front 7

What is a heterotroph?

Back 7

An organism that must obtain energy from organic materials that they ingest. Some take in organic materials then break them down (chemoheterotroph). Others use photosynthesis, but also need to take in organic compounds (photoheterotroph). Example: salmonella

Front 8

What is respiration?

Back 8

Using oxygen to release energy. Done by obligate aerobes. Example: mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 9

What is fermentation?

Back 9

Creating energy without the presence of oxygen. Done by obligate anaerobes. Example: clostridium botulinum

Front 10

What are faculative anaerobes?

Back 10

Organisms that can switch between cellular respiration and fermentation. They do not require oxygen but can live in it. Example: E. coli

Front 11

How do bacteria reproduce?

Back 11

Binary fission. They duplicate their DNA and then split into two separate cells.

Front 12

How are bacteria so adaptable?

Back 12

Because they duplicate extremely quickly and because of conjugation.

Front 13

What is conjugation?

Back 13

A pilli tube connect 2 cells and DNA is exchanged to allow new gene combinations.

Front 14

What are endospores?

Back 14

A thick internal wall that bacteria create when conditions get unfavorable to enclose its DNA and some cytoplasm.

Front 15

What are the 5 methods of controlling bacterial growth?

Back 15

Sterilization, disinfectants, food processing, antibiotics, and vaccines.

Front 16

What is sterilization?

Back 16

Boiling water to kill bacteria.

Front 17

What are disinfectants?

Back 17

Chemicals that kill (lyse) bacteria.

Front 18

What is food processing?

Back 18

Slowing bacterial reproductive rates by freezing, refrigerating, canning, pickling, salting, dehydrating, or sealing in plastic.

Front 19

What are antibiotics?

Back 19

Compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Example: penicillin, ampicillin.

Front 20

What are vaccines?

Back 20

Weakened or killed pathogens are injected into the body to prompt an immune response to the disease.

Front 21

What is nitrogen fixing and why is it so important?

Back 21

When bacteria take nitrogen gas and produce nitrogenous compounds. It is important for plants because they cannot use nitrogen gas. Nitrogen fixing converts nitrogen gas to a compound that plants can use.

Front 22

What are pathogens?

Back 22

Foreign particles that enter the body and cause disease.

Front 23

What are two ways that pathogenic bacteria can harm cells.

Back 23

They can produce toxins that mess with the cells functions, or they can break the cell down and ingest it as nutrients.

Front 24

Describe the lytic cycle.

Back 24

A virus attaches to the surface of a cell and unlocks a "lock" with its "key" to insert its DNA. The host cell uses the viral DNA to make viral proteins and DNA. The newly assembled viruses burst out of the host cell, destroying it.

Front 25

Describe the lysogenic cycle.

Back 25

Starts the same way as the lytic cycle. The viral DNA becomes embedded in the host's DNA as a prophage. It may remain dormant as the host cell duplicates with the prophage. At some point the prophage is activated and new viruses burst out of all the descendant cells.

Front 26

What is a virus made of?

Back 26

A core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid.

Front 27

How are bacteria important to the environment?

Back 27

The are decomposers. They break down dead plants into simpler materials and release the nutrients into the soil. They convert nitrogen to a compound that plants can use to build amino acids. They could help clean up oil spills by digesting petroleum.

Front 28

How are bacteria important to the environment?

Back 28

The are decomposers. They break down dead plants into simpler materials and release the nutrients into the soil. They convert nitrogen to a compound that plants can use to build amino acids. They could help clean up oil spills by digesting petroleum.

Front 29

How are bacteria useful to humans?

Back 29

Foods (cheese, alcohol), digestion (converting nutrients in our guts), drugs (making antibiotics), genetic recombinant bacteria (we can splice new genes into bacteria to get them to make stuff like insulin), sewage treatment plants, environmental cleanup (oil spills).