Bacteria

Front 1

importance of bacteria

Back 1

-rapid growth,
-reproduction,
-mutation rates,-
- their ability to exist under adverse conditions.

Front 2

oldest fossils known

Back 2

-nearly 3.5 billion years old,
- are fossils of bacteria-like organisms.

Front 3

bacteria reproduction

Back 3

-asexual reproduction
-binary fission

Front 4

autotrophs bacteria

Back 4

are either photosynthetic
-chemosynthetic

Front 5

photosynthetic

Back 5

, obtaining energy from sunlight
(cyanobacteria

Front 6

chemosynthetic

Back 6

, breaking down inorganic substances for energy

Front 7

heterotroph bacteria

Back 7

derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds in the environment.
-ex. saprobes and parasites

Front 8

saprobes,

Back 8

bacteria that feed on decaying material and organic wastes

Front 9

parasites

Back 9

, absorbing nutrients from living organisms

Front 10

aerobic bacteria

Back 10

which means they require oxygen to live

Front 11

anaerobic bacteria

Back 11

which means oxygen is deadly to them.

Front 12

Green patches

Back 12

are green sulfur bacteria.

Front 13

The rust patches

Back 13

are colonies of purple non sulfur bacteria.

Front 14

The red patches

Back 14

are purple sulfur bacteria.

Front 15

archaebacteria

Back 15

Halophiles
Thermophiles
acidophiles

Front 16

methanogens

Back 16

These Archebacteria are anaerobes. -They make methane (natural gas) as a waste product.
-They are found in swamp sediments, sewage, and in buried landfills
-In the future, they could be used to produce methane as a byproduct of sewage treatment or landfill operation.
-grow in marshy areas

Front 17

halophiles

Back 17

-salt-loving Archaebacteria
-grow in places like the Great Salt Lake of Utah or salt ponds on the edge of San Francisco Bay.
-halophiles can turn these waters a dark pink
-aerobes, however, and perform aerobic respiration.

Front 18

Pink halophiles

Back 18

contain a pigment very similar to the rhodopsin in the human retina.
-They use this visual pigment for a type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen.
-

Front 19

extreme halophiles

Back 19

halophiles can live in extremely salty environments.
-Most are photosynthetic autotrophs
-are purple because instead of using chlorophyll to photosynthesize, they use a similar pigment called bacteriorhodopsin

Front 20

bacteriorhodopsin

Back 20

that uses all light except for purple light, making the cells appear purple.

Front 21

thermophiles

Back 21

-Archaebacteria from hot springs and other high temperature environments.
- Some can grow above the boiling temperature of water.
- anaerobes, performing anaerobic respiration.
-contain genes for heat-stable enzymes ( industry and medicine)
-ex. taq polymerase

Front 22

taq polymerase

Back 22

-the gene for which was isolated from a collection of Thermus aquaticus in a Yellowstone Park hot spring
-used to make large numbers of copies of DNA sequences in a DNA sample
-invaluable to medicine, biotechnology, and biological research
-half a billion dollars

Front 23

Eubacteria

Back 23

eu- means true
so true bacteria

Front 24

cyanobacteria

Back 24

some that are single cells and some that are chains of cells
-"green slime"
-"modern photosynthesis", (first to do)
-first bacteria to evolve

Front 25

"modern photosynthesis",

Back 25

which is the kind that makes oxygen from water
-all plants inherited this ability from cyanobacteria

Front 26

actinomycetes

Back 26

produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin

Front 27

Penicilian

Back 27

- 1928, the first bacteria used for medicine

Front 28

bacteria live

Back 28

symbiotically in the guts of animals or elsewhere in their bodies.
- roots of certain plants

Front 29

(E.Coli)

Back 29

, bacteria in your gut
- produce vitamin K which is essential to blood clot formation

Front 30

bacteria living in roots

Back 30

converting nitrogen into a usable form.
-like legumes (peas)

Front 31

Bacteria make up

Back 31

the base of the food web in many environments

Front 32

Streptococcus thermophilus

Back 32

in yogurt

Front 33

bacteria characteristics

Back 33

prokaryotic and unicellular.

have cell walls.

circular DNA called plasmids (circular)

can be anaerobes or aerobes.

heterotrophs or autotrophs.

Front 34

Bacteria can reproduce

Back 34

- sexually by conjugation
- or asexually by binary fission.

Front 35

conjugation

Back 35

allows transport of dna (tube like structure)

Front 36

Recombination of genes

Back 36

- that’s why we look different

Front 37

endospore

Back 37

Bacteria can survive unfavorable conditions by producing an endospore
-like hot temps

Front 38

endospore have

Back 38

-spore coat
-cortex
-exosporium
-core wall
-dna
-ribosomes

Front 39

coccus

Back 39

-bacteria round ball shape

Front 40

bacilius

Back 40

bacteria cilindrial shape

Front 41

spirillium

Back 41

bacteria, curley coil shape

Front 42

diplocoques

Back 42

2 round ball shapes together

Front 43

streptocoques

Back 43

a whole single ling of round ball shapes together

Front 44

staphylocoques

Back 44

a whole bunch of round balls clumps together randomly

Front 45

Penicillin,

Back 45

an antibiotic,
-comes from molds of the genus Penicillium
- the area of inhibition around the Penicillium.
-kills bacteria by making holes in their cell walls

Front 46

Gram stain

Back 46

- divides most clinically significant bacteria into two main groups
- is the first step in bacterial identification

Front 47

Gram +

Back 47

-Bacteria stained purple
-their cell walls have thick petidoglycan and teichoic acid.

Front 48

Gram –

Back 48

-Bacteria stained pink
-their cell walls have have thin peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides with no teichoic acid

Front 49

In Gram-positive bacteria,

Back 49

- the purple crystal violet stain is
trapped by the layer of peptidoglycan which forms the outer
layer of the cell.

Front 50

peptidoglycan

Back 50

which forms the outer layer of the cell.

Front 51

In Gram-negative bacteria,

Back 51

the outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides prevents the stain from reaching the peptidoglycan layer

Front 52

LPS-

Back 52

present in only gram neg bacteria (that’s why they stain pink)

Front 53

The Gram stain has four steps:

Back 53

1. crystal violet, the primary stain: followed by
2. iodine, which acts as a mordant by forming a crystal violet-iodine complex, then
3. alcohol, which decolorizes, followed by
4. safranin, the counterstain.

Front 54

Gram staining tests

Back 54

the bacterial cell wall's ability to retain crystal violet dye during solvent treatment.

Front 55

Safranin

Back 55

is added as a mordant to form the crystal violet/safranin complex in order to render the dye impossible to remove.

Front 56

Ethyl-alcohol solvent

Back 56

acts as a decolorizer and dissolves the lipid layer from gram-negative cells.
-This enhances leaching of the primary stain from the cells into the surrounding solvent.
-dehydrate the thicker gram-positive cell walls, closing the pores as the cell wall shrinks.