Bacteria

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Bacilus

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Rod shaped bacteria

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Bacteria

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Any of the extremely small unicellular, prokaryotic organisms found in the Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

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Binary Fision

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A method of asexual reproduction in which the nuclear material is copied and the parent cell divides into two equal cells.

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Bioremediation

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The use of living organisms to break down toxic and harmful substances in the environment.

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Capsule

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A cellular secretion surrounding certain algae and bacteria.

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Chemosynthetic

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An organism that obtains cellular energy from the breakdown of inorganic chemicals.

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Coccus

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A spherical bacterium

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Conjugation

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A temporary union of two organisms of cells for a one-way transfer of genetic material.

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Decomposer Organism

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An organism that breaks down dead organic matter into forms that can be used by other organisms.

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Endospores

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An asexual spore that forms within a bacterium.

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Faculative anearobes

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can do both, grow in presence and absence of oxygen. Grows best as aerobes but can function as anaerobes.

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Gram's Stain

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a process used to classify bacteria based on amount of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall.

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Mesosomes

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An organelle that appears as invaginations of the cell membrane in prokaryotic cells; has enzymes attached to it.

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Microbiologist

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one who studies microbes

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Obligate aerobes

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An organism that can live only in the presence of free oxygen.

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Obligate anearobes

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An organism that cannot live in the presence of free oxygen.

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Parasite

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An organism that obtains its nourishment by living in or on another organism.

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Pasturization

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Process in which heat or radiation is used to kill bacteria to reduce spoilage of food.

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Pathogen

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An organism that causes disease.

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Peptidoglycan

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Compound found in the cell walls of bacteria; important in bacteria classification due to Gram staining.

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Pilus

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A conjugation tube used for the transfer of genetic material between bacteria; may also function in attachment to surfaces.

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Plasmid

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Ring of DNA that is separate from the chromosomes; most often found in bacteria.

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Saprophytic

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Relationship in which an organism obtains its nourishment from dead organic matter.

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Spirillum

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Spiral shaped bacterium

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Transduction

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Relationship in which an organism obtains its nourishment from dead organic matter.

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Transformation

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The genetic change that is produced when DNA from one bacterium is taken up through the membrane of another bacterium.

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Antibiotic

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Chemical produced by living organisms that naturally kills or inhibits the growth of other organisms.

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Antibody

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Protein substance produced to eliminate antigens that have entered the body.

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Antigen

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Foreign material in the body that stimulates antibody production or begins cell-mediated immunity

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Attenuated

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A vaccine produced by live viruses

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B Cell

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A type of lymphocyte that develops in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies, which mediate humoral immunity.

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Bacteriophage

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A virus that parasites a bacterial cell

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Capsid

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The outer covering of a virus that is made from proteins.

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Core

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the inner structure of a virus, composed of either DNA or RNA

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Envelope

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A membrane-like structure that forms an outer covering on some kinds of viruses.

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Gerontology

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The study of aging

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Immune carries

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A person who has the pathogen but is not suffering from the symptoms of the disease.

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Inactivative vaccine

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A vaccine produced from an altered virus that cannot replicate in a host cell

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Incubation period

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The time between infection by a pathogen and the appearance of the first symptoms

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Inferferon

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A protein substance or substance produced by cells exposed to viruses; acts to slow the spread of a virus.

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Lysis

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The rupturing of a cell

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Lysogenic cycle

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Process in which a virus remains latent in cells but spreads by becoming part of the host cell genome. Factors may then trigger these viruses to become lytic.

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Lyric cycle

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The sequence of events whereby a virus replicates within a cell and eventually destroys the cell.

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Obligate parasite

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A parasite that obtains its nourishment by living in or on another organism.

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Phagosites

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A cell that isolates pathogens and then engulfs and digests them with enzymes.

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Prions

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Abnormal form of protein found in some cells and linked to disease.

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Retrovirus

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A special type of RNA virus that contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

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T Cells

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A type of lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity that differentiates under the influence of the thymus

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Vaccination

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A method of exposing a person to a controlled amount of a disease-causing factor to develop immunity.

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Vaccine

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A weakened form of a pathogen used to build immunity by stimulating the body to produce antibodies or activate T cells.

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Viroid

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A short single strand of circular RNA that has no capsid or envelope yet is still able to replicate once inside a host.

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Virology

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the study of viruses

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Virulence

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The ability of a virus or other pathogen to cause a disease.

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W.H.O

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World Health Organization