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78 Cards in this Set
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Treponema
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-gram negative
-pointed ends -divide by binary fission -cytoplasm contains ribosomes, mesosomes, and a nuclear region -pathogenic forms- outer membrane covers the three periplasmic flagella at each end and the middle- protoplasmic cylinder -motile my rapid motion along their longitudinal axis, flexing, bending and snapping about their full length -none of the pathogenic strains can be cultured in vitro |
-Have a cell wall and cell membrane.
-Six to eight cytoplasmic tubules are located next to the inner surface of the cell membrane. -These tubules are attached at each end of the cell and wind around the organism. --The non pathogenic forms, are wider and shorter, have blunt ends and 1-8 periplasmic flagella. |
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Treponema pallidum
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-syphilis
-glucose, maltose, and mannose for multiplication -Penicillin G |
-shares 40% of its genome with B. burgdorferi
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Treponema carateum
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pinta
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-ulcerative skin lesions that depigment
-spread my contact with infected skin lesions -no long term systemic health effects -oldest of the treponemes -endemic in South and Central America |
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Treponema pertenue
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yaws
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-chronic nonverneral disease in central Africa, SE Asia, South America
-There are various stages of the disease. -Usually begins in childhood, transmitted by skin lesions -"Mother yaw", primary lesion, 3-4 weeks after exposure - primary stage -Secondary stage- skin eruptions -Tertiary stage, deconstrutive deformity of bones, nose, and face. -"Crab yaws" are lesions on soles of feet, tender. |
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Treponema endemicum
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endemic syphilis, non verneral
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Borrelia
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-Longer spirals more loosely bound and more flexible.
-Stainable -18h generation time -outer membrane encloses the coiled protoplasmic cylinder of the peptidoglycan layer. -15-22 periplasmic flagella are seen at the terminal portions of the cell. -30-44 periplasmic are seen in the middle areas of the cell. -Highly motile -Divide by binary fission |
Disease are all arthropod borne, some are pathogenic for humans, rodents, domestic animals, and birds.
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Borrelia recurrentis
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-relapsing fever
-transmitted by the body louse |
-Pediculas humanus, or by soft shelled ticks.
-Humans are the sole host -humans are infected by crushing (scratching) infected lice onto their skin and creating an abrasion for the entrance of the organism. -infection in lice is limited to the hemolymph -in man it is a septicemic disease sudden onset with the incubation period of 2-15 days. -fever, chills, headache -persists 3-7 days followed by a febrile period for several days or weeks -10 relapses occur -treatment with tetracycline, erythromycin is effective -Prevention- vector, reservoir host control |
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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-Lyme disease
-transmitted by ticks |
-Ixodes ricinus complex, different ones in different regions of the US.
-ticks transfer the disease to humans -located in the mid gut of the tick, penetrate the gut epithelium and the hemolymph, salivary glands. -The disease has stages --Early lyme borreliosis- organisms enter the circulation and are carried to the other organs and tissues, joints, nervous system and heart. --after 8-9 days target lesions appear at the bite site, erythema migrans --late lyme borreliosis- inflammation of the large joints, knee,elbow, arthritis (most common), paralysis, dementia. |
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Leptospira
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-helicoidal flexible organisms
-hooked end, usually one or both ends -2 periplasmic flagella, motile -aerobic |
-genetically diverse group of pathogens and nonpathogens
-readily cultured in artificial medium containing 1% Bovine serum albumin supplemented with long chain fatty acids -incubation period 6-14 days. -pathogens with grow in the lumen of nephritic tubules, shed into urine. -Norway rats produce large numbers their whole life -Infection occurs when man gets contact with the urine. -In man symptoms mild-severe, with kidney and liver involvement. Treatment- doxycycline |
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Leptospira interrogans
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-pathogen
-human and animals -Pathogenic leptospira are harbored in renal tubules of numerous domestic and wild animals throughout the world |
-worldwide acute, febrile disease caused by serotypes of L. interrogans- 180 serotypes exist.
-in the US domestic animals are the major source, rats, dogs, cattle, and swine. -transmission is through abraded skin, oral or nasal mucosa or the eye. -transmission may result from handling infected animals. |
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Leptospira biflexa
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-found in fresh waters
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Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae
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-Weil's disease
-kidney involvement |
-first classified leptospirosis, 1915
-hemorrhagic |
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chemolithotroph
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-obtains its energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds
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True nitrifying bacteria
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NO2 to NO3
-Nitrobacter -Nitrospina -Nitrococcus -Nitrospira |
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Nitrosofying bacteria
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NH3-NO3
-Nitrosomonas -Nitrosococcus -Nitrosolobus |
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Nitrobacter winogradskyi
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-rod shaped cells, short rods often pear or wedge shaped
-polar cap membranes -reproduce by budding -gram - -cytomembranes occur in the form of a polar cap of flattened vesicles in the peripheral region -aerobic -LPS has different lipid A -generation time 8-14 hrs |
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Nitrospina gracilis
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-long slender rods
-no extensive membrane system -cells reproduce by binary fission -gram - -non motile -aerobic -optimal growth requires 70-100% seawater, cells occur in the marine environment -no growth occurs in distilled water |
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Nitrococcus mobilis
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-spherical cells
-internal membranes randomly arranged throughout the cytoplasm -reproduce by binary fission -motile -aerobic -isolated from the marine environment |
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Nitrospira marina
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-spiral cells- helical to vibroid shaped
-no membranes -reproduce by binary fission -aerobic -isolated from marine environments -cells contain glycogen deposits, isolated in seawater medium -opt temp 20-30C, pH 7.6-8.0 |
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Nitrosomonas europaea
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-straight rods
-peripheral membranes- intracytoplasmic membranes arranged as flattened vesicles -gram - -temp range 5-30C pH 5.8-8.5 -occurs in soil, oceans, sewage systems |
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Nitrosopira briensis
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-gram -
-cells are spirals- tightly coiled -no membranes -divide by binary fission -aerobic -occur in freshwater environments |
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Nitrosococcus nitrosus
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-spherical cells
-membranes in the center of the cell -divide by binary fission -motile -aerobic -opt temp- 25-30C pH 7.5- 8.0 -occurs in soil, oceans, sewage |
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Nitrosolobus multiformis
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-lobular cells
-divide by constriction -glycogen inclusions -gram - -membranes partially compartmentalizing the cell |
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Thiobacillus thiooxidans
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-gram - rod shaped
-obtain their energy from the oxidation of S compounds -sulfate is the end product of their metabolism -all species fix carbon by the Calvin cycle, therefore they can also grow autotrophic -distribution in marine, freshwater, soil environments -pH 2-8, temp 25-43C |
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Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
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-cells are coccoid, irregular, and lobed
-thermoacidophiles -non motile -opt pH 2.0 -opt temp <50 C -oxidize S |
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Actinomycetes
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-gram positive
-slow growing as branching filaments -in some genera filament segment during growth and yield pleomorphic cells that can be acid fast. |
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Nocardia asteroides
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-gram positive to gram variable
-causes "nocardiosis" -partially acid fast -aerobic -isolated from the soil -rudimentary to extensively branched vegetative hyphae growing on the surface often fragmenting into rod-shaped, non-motile elements A pathogenic member of this genera, an acute or chronic pulmonary infection that is able to spread to other organs in the body, brain and meninges, looks like TB on X ray, simulates bacterial pneumonia. With brain involvement X ray may mimic brain tumor. Clinically, pulmonary form, inhalation of dust, weight loss, fever, night sweats, brain most susceptible for the next lesion. Clinically, subcutaneous abscesses, skin infections, “mycetomas”, bacteria spread destroying soft tissue and bone. |
Nocardiosis is an acute or chronic primary pulmonary infection caused by N. asteroides. It may spread from the subcutaneous tissues and other organ systems especially the brain and meninges, to cause multiple abscesses.
-Treatment, sulfonamides and tetracycline -Epidemiology, wide spread. -Lab ID, direct examination of the tissue, Gram stain or acid fast stain. Culture, Glucose- Neopeptone Agar , from fresh sputum or skin tissue. |
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Frankia
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Vegetative hyphae with limited extensive branching, no aerial mycelium found, sporangiospores non motile, terminal vesicles sites for nitrogen fixation, induces nodule formation in 180 varieties of plants.
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Streptomyces aureofaciens
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Soil microbe , vegetative hyphae producing branched mycelium, with spores, aerobic, Gram positive, widely distributed in the soil, odor of the “soil”, geosmins, metabolites produced by these bacteria. Make many antibiotics, streptomycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, neomycin, novobiocin
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Mycoplasma
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-small pleomorphic organisms
-no gram stain |
Mycoplasma are procaryotic….no cell wall, have steriol in membrane, facidious growth requirements. Looks like fried egg. They do contain RNA and DNA
Evade the immune system by hiding in host cells, molecular mimicry. NO oxidative phosphorylation. Mycoplasma do not have cell wall, no gram stain, they have a lipid bilayer membrane….have steriol/cholesteriol in the membrane…limited genome. No defined shape. Pass through point .22 filter. Antibiotics? |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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-atypical or "walking pneumonia"
-bronchitis -pharyngitis -croup -respiratory tract |
-acid from glucose
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Mycoplasma salivarium
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-periodontal group
-respiratory tract |
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Mycobacteria hominis
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-vaginitis
-cervicitis -postpartum sepsis -neonatal infection -genital tract |
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Mycobacteria genitalium
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-NGU
-NCU -respiratory/genital tract |
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Ureaplasma urealyticum
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-NGU
-upper genital tract infections -neonatal infections -various serotypes |
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Legionella
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-gram negative
-motile -stain poorly -non sporeforming -aerobic slender rods -catalase + -gelatinase + -urease - -nitrate - -coccobacilli -neither ferment or oxidise carbohydrates, use amino acids for growth |
No chemicals in the ac handler.
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Legionella pneumophilia
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-Legionnaires disease
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Makes a phospholipase C and a hemolysin, and T-cell inhibitor.
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Legionella micdadei
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-Pontiac fever
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Haemophilus
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-gram negative rods
-respiratory tract -non-motile -non spore-forming -facultatively anaerobic -catalase + -oxidase + -requires 2 factors for growth X and V -in vitro growth requires --Factor X- heat stable hematin --Factor V- heat labile NAD |
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Haemophilus influenzae
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-factors X and V
-ear infections -pneumoniae -meningitis -colorless colonies |
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Haemophilus ducreyi
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-factor X
-chancroid or soft chancre |
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Haemophilus aegypitus
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-factors X and V
-"pink eye", infection on the conjunctiva via towel sharing |
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Haemophilus parainfluenzae
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-factor V
-normal flora URT -yellow colonies |
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Propionibacterium acnes
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-gram positive rods
-normal inhabitant of the skin -frequent cause of joint diseases occasionally may lead to endocarditis |
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Bacteroides
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-gram negative
-non spore-forming straight rods -non motile or motile -peritrichous flagella - metabolize carbohydrates, peptones, or metabolic intermediates. -fermentation products: succinic, lactic, and formic acids -habitat includes mouth and intestine -isolated on complex medium, peptone, YE, vit K, and hemin -several sp. transform bile acids. |
Huge player! Numbers wise.
LPS is less toxic….lipid A has fewer fatty acids! Bacteriodies causes intraabdominal infections |
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Bacteroides fragilis
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-non-hemolytic
-growth on 20% bile -catalase + -hemin stimulates growth -produces a superoxide dismutase -Treatment: Clindamycin is the drug of choice |
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Bacteroides melaninogenicus
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-Periodontal disease
-pigmented brown black colonies -fluorescence red under UV light due to protoporphyrin -will not grow in 20% bile -hemin and menadione required for growth -4 serotypes A,B,C, and C-1 -seen in oral, pharyngeal and pulmonary abcesses |
Bacterioides- produces capsules and has an endotoxin
Prevotella melaminogenica- phospholipase Prevotella- soft tissue infections |
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Fusobacterium nucleatum
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-"bread crumb" appearance on media
-DNase + -grows in the presence of 6% oxygen -gram - rods -diverse morphologies -isolated from the gingival margin, URT and wounds -fermentation products include butyric, acetic, lactic acids |
They have pointed ends. Peridontal Disease and Lenierre’s Syndrom (see in young and healthy adults…a blood clot near the tonsiles in the jugular vein….the blood clot will break down and move to lungs and heart….not a contagious disease just asssociated with Fusobacterium)
Inhibited by bile esculin Fusobacteria causes abcessses wound infections Fusuobacteria- produces lipases |
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Porphyromonas gingivalis
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-gram -
-anaerobic -non motile -fermentation products include butyric and acetic acid -habitat the mouth- rarely found clinically -black pigment producer -hemolytic -red fluorescence under UV |
Porphyomonas- peridontal
necrosis of infected tissue - collaginase |
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Leptotrichia buccalis
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-gram -
-anaerobic -straight and curved rods -fermentation products include 90% lactic and 10% acetic acids -found in the oral cavity -anaerobic first isolation, many strains will grow aerobically in the presence of CO2 -catalase, H2S, and nitrate - |
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Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
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-found in rumen stomach
-a cellulose digester in cattle, isolated in the rumen fluids using rumen fluid agar -gram - -anaerobic -motile- polar flagellum, subpolar also -fermentation products include butyric acid |
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Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens
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-dextrin dissolving strain
-gram - -helical cells -motile with polar flagella -anaerobic -fermentation products include succinic, acetic, formic, lactic acids -habitat the rumen -nitrate, catalase, gelatinase,indole, H2S - |
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Succinomonas amylolytica
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-starch dissolving represents 6% of the rumen flora
-gram - straight rods -motile by polar flagella -fermentation products include succinic and acetic acids catalase - |
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Lachnospira multiparus
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-gram - curved rods
-motile with lateral and subpolar flagella -fermentation products include lactic, formic, acetic acids, ethanol, hydrogen gas, Pectin is fermented and methanol is produced -indole, H2S, nitrate, and gelatinase - |
Crohn’s diseas (autoimmune disease)
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Selenomonas sputigena
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-anaerobic curved rods
-motile by tufts of flagella -habitat mouth and rumen -fermentation products include acetic, propionic, lactic acids, and carbon dioxide |
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Veillonellaceae
-Veillonella -Acidaminococcus -Megashaera |
-gram negative
-anaerobic cocci -appear as diplococci -non motile -oxidase and catalase - |
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Rhodospirillum
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-purple nonsulfur
-Spirals -polar flagella -binary fission -gram - -no gas vacuoles - |
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Rhodopseudomonas
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-purple nonsulfur
-rods, ovoid -polar flagella -budding -gram - -no gas vacuoles |
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Rhodomicrobium
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-purple nonsulfur
-ovoid -peritrichous flagella -budding -gram - -no gas vacuoles |
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Chromatium
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-purple sulfur bacteria
-rod -gram - -oxidize H2S with deposition of the sulfur granules inside or outside the cells -sulfur stored as highly refractile globules inside the cells -SO4 is the oxidation product |
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Thiocapsa
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-purple sulfur bacteria
-slime capsule -gram - -oxidize H2S with deposition of the sulfur granules inside or outside the cells -sulfur stored as highly refractile globules inside the cells -SO4 is the oxidation product |
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Ectothiorhodospira
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-purple sulfur bacteria
-vibroid -gram - -oxidize H2S with deposition of the sulfur granules inside or outside the cells -sulfur stored as highly refractile globules inside the cells -SO4 is the oxidation product |
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Lamprocystis
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-purple sulfur bacteria
-gas vacuole -gram - -oxidize H2S with deposition of the sulfur granules inside or outside the cells -sulfur stored as highly refractile globules inside the cells -SO4 is the oxidation product |
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Chlorobium
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-green sulfur bacteria
-no gas vacuole -non-motile -binary fission -sulfur deposited outside of the cell - |
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Chloropseudomonas
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-green sulfur bacteria
-no gas vacuole -motile- polar flagella -binary fission -sulfur deposited outside of the cell |
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Pelodictyon
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-green sulfur bacteria
-gas vacuole -no-binary fission -sulfur deposited outside of the cell motile -gas vacuole allows the species to rise to the top of culture bottles |
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Chloroflexus
Oscillochloris |
-filamentous green bacteria
-multicellular -cells are arranged as multicellular filaments, all are capable of anoxygenic photosynthesis -all possess chromosomes |
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Hyphomicrobium coagulans
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-gram -
-methanol utilization -lack gas vacuoles -a budding bacterium- it forms buds at the tips of filamentous outgrowths (hyphae), of the cell. -As each bud matures it synthesizes a flagellum and breaks away from the parent cell. -the daughter cell eventually loses its flagellum and forms it's own hyphae and the budding process repeats. |
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Caulobacter bacteriodies
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-gram -
-strictly aerobic -these bacteria attach themselves to a solid surface by a stalk that is an extension of the cell, with a wall, membrane and cytoplasm. Cell division starts with elongation of the cell at the opposite point of surface attachment. As the cell elongates, the new portion develops a flagellum, and it is released into the environment. It eventually loses its flagellum and replaces it with a stalk that anchors the bacterium to a solid surface. Usually in aquatic environments, stalk provides additional surface area to absorb nutrients and as an anchor |
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Sphaerotilus natans
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-gram -
-arranged in chains within filaments surrounded by outer sheaths -composed of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids -"bulker" -bacteria reproduce by binary fission with the release of daughter cells called "swarmer cells" from the end of the sheath. |
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Leptothrix ochracea
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-straight rods occurring in chains within a sheath, free cells are motile, respiratory metabolism
- sheath is encrusted with Fe and MN oxides |
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Archangium
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-tapered vegetative cells
-fruiting bodies without stalks -rod shaped myxospores not in sporangioles |
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Cystobacter
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-tapered vegetative cells
-fruiting bodies without stalks -rod shaped myxospores in sporangioles |
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Melittangium
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-tapered vegetative cells
-fruiting bodies on stalks -myxospores in single, tiny, sporangioles |
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Polyangium
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-non tapered vegetative cells
-fruiting bodies without stalks -myxospores rod shaped |
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Cytophagales
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-do not form fruiting bodies
Gram negative rods, motile by gliding, colonies spread by swarming, cell mass pigmented due to cell bound carotenoids, decompose organic macromolecules, cellulose, chitin, starch. |
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Flexibacter
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-do not form fruiting bodies
rods occur in filaments, fish pathogen , cell mass pigmented yellow to orange, carotenoids. |
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Beggiatoa
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-do not form fruiting bodies
colorless cells occur in filaments, filled with sulfur granules. This genera uses sulfide as a energy source, can not use carbon dioxide. Found in rich sulfur habitats. |
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