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414 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What is Corynebacterium renale?
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gram positive, nonencapsulated facultative anaerobe, opportunistic pathogen that is part of the lower genital tract of cattle and other non human animals
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What tests is Corynebacterium renale positive for?
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gram +
catalase + Urease + (associated with virulence) camp + |
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What tests is Corynebacterium renale negative for?
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non acid fast
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What are the adhesins for Corynebacterium renale
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pili
fimbriae |
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What is the cell wall of Cornyebacterium renale composed of?
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polysaccharides
lipids lipotechoic acid* peptidoglycan* * = pro inflammatory |
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What are the reservoirs of Corynebacterium renale?
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lower genital tract of non human animals
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What is the mode of transmission for Corynebacterium renale?
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direct = venereally
indirect = contaminated urine |
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What is the pathogenesis of Corynebacterium renale?
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adhesion on urolithium- causes urea breakdown to ammonia- inflammatory process, high alkaline urine
inactivated complement |
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What does Corynebacterium renale cause in bovines?
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Bovine pyelonephritis
ascending UTI which is enhanced by pregnancy, short urethra,parturition |
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What are the signs of acute pyelonephritis in bovines?
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fever, anorexia, polyurea, pyuria, hematurea and abdominal pain
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What are the signs of chronic pyelonephritis in bovines due to Corynebacterium renale?
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weight loss, anorexia, decreased milk production, death
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What does Corynebacterium renale cause in small ruminants?
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ovine posthitis
leads to ulceration of the preputial epithelium causes secondary bacterial infections |
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What are the signs of posthitis in bovines due to Corynebacterium renale?
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painful urination
purulent exudate in urine scarring of preputial orifice |
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How is Corynebacterium renale treated and controled?
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lab diagnosis of proteinuria, hematouria, high alkalinity and diphteriod isolate
treat with penicillin in early stages treat ovine posthitis with surgical care, pencillin ointment, decrease the amount of legumes in the diet |
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Is there a vaccine for Corynebacterim renale?
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no immunizing agents exist
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What is Rhodococcus?
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A nonspore forming, non motile facultative anaerobic bacillus bacterium that causes abscesses and granulomas
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What type of envelope does Rhodococcus have?
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a lipid envelope rich in mycolic acid which promotes antiphagocytic survival and granuloma formation
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What is the only pathogenic species of Rhodococcus?
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Rhodococcus equi
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What does Rhodococcus equi cause in horses?
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pneumonia
suppurative brochopneumonia occasional joints and spleen down regulation of INF-gamma |
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What does Rhodococcus equi cause in humans?
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pneumonia in immunocompromised people
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What is the reservoir of Rhodococcus?
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manure and soil
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How is Rhodococcus transmitted?
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inhalation, ingestion, congenitally or by mucus membranes
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What does Rhodococcus cause in swine?
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TB like lesions in the cervical lymph nodes
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What vaccines are out there for Rhodococcus?
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no commercially available vaccines
protective immunity is both cell mediated and humoral |
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What are the positive test for Rhodococcus?
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gram +
catalase + Urease + Nitrate + camp + |
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What are the negative test for Rhodococcus?
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acid fast negative
non fermentation |
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How do you treat Rhodococcus?
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isolate individuals
prognosis is guarded Antimicrobial treatment needs to penetrate mass |
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What is Arcanobacterium?
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Pleomorphic, non spore forming, non motile, facultative anaerobe
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What is the predominate pathogen of Arcanobacterium?
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Arcanobacterium pyogens
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What are the adhesions of Arcanobacterium?
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collagen and fibronectin binding proteins
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What is the cell wall of Arcanobacteria made of?
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Lipoteichoic acid
peptidogylcan |
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What type of exotoxin is Arcanobacterium?
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pore-forming exotoxin
removes sialic acid |
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What does Arcanobacterium cause in cattle?
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purulent infections or traumatic or opportunistic origin
causes summer mastitis and abortion |
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What test can be used to identify Arcanobacteria?
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gram stain = gram positive
acid fast = negative Beta hemolysis on Blood agar |
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What is the treatment for Arcanobacteria?
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drain abscess and antimicrobial therapy
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What is Listeria?
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a non spore forming, motile, facultative parasite affecting mammals bird but especially ruminants
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What are the two clinically important pathogens in reference to Listeria?
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L monocytogens
L invanovii |
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What are three possible out comes of a listeria infection?
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Septicemia, encephalitis and abortion
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What type of immune response does Listeria produce?
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Cell mediated
NKs and cytotoxic T cell activity |
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What type of cell wall does Listeria have?
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lepoteichoc acid and peptidoglycan
induces phagocytosis |
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What are some medical interests with Listeria?
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listeriolysin o -pore-forming cytosin
phospholipase C - membrane lysis Bile salt hydrolase - promotes survival and persistence in intestinal lumen |
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What is the variability of Listeria?
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variability is by strain
both smooth and rough colonies |
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What are the reservoirs for Listeria?
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Composing plant matter
soil silage sewage streams animals |
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How is Listeria transmitted?
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fecal oral
silage soil |
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What is the pathogenesis of Listeria?
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intestinal
CNS through trigemial |
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What does listeria cause in ruminants?
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encephalitis -circling
sheep and goats have a high mortality |
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What does Listeria cause in humans?
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meningitis, dermatitis, endocarditis and problems pregnancy
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How do you diagnose Listeria?
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Specimen
Smear IHC BA- B hemolysis |
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What are the positive tests for Listeria?
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Gram +
catalase + Motility camp + |
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What is the treatment of Listeria?
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Tetracyclines
except in CNS cases |
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How do you control Listeria?
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decrease feeding silage
decrease stress |
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What is Erysipelothrix?
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non motile, spore forming bacillus that has disease variability in pigs and other animals
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At what age are pigs more susceptible to Erysipelothrix?
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3 months to 3 years
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What avian species are affected by Erysipelothrix?
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Turkey males due to fighting
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What type of capsule does Erysipelothrix have?
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polysaccharides
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What type of cell wall does Erysipelothrix have?
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lipotechoic acid
peptydoglycan gram + |
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What does neuroaminidase from Erysipelothrix do to the host cell?
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its an adhesion
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Is Erysipelothrix resistant?
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yes
resistant to drying 6 months in swine feces |
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What is the reservoir for Erysipelothrix?
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swine
birds sewage |
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What is the transmission for Erysipelothrix?
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ingestion
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What does acute forms of Erysipelothrix cause?
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sepsis
shows as diamond disease |
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What does the chronic form of Erysipelothrix cause in swine?
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endocarditis
arthritis abortion |
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What does Erysipelothrix cause in Turkeys?
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septicemia
cyanotic skin 2-25% mortality seen in males due to fighting |
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What does Erysipelothrix cause in sheep?
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polyarthritis
umbilical wounds stiff joints |
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What does Erysipelothrix cause in dogs?
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endocarditis
arthritis |
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What does Erysipelothrix cause in dolphins?
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septicemia
uticaria |
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What does Erysipelothrix cause in humans?
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skin lesions
usually seen with fish handlers |
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What types of immune response does Erysipelothrix cause?
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cell mediated and humoral to the adhesion neuroaminidase
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What do you use to diagnose Erysipelothrix?
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gram stain +
BA at 37 with 10% CO2 (alpha hemolysis) produces hydrogen non motile non spore forming |
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How do you treat Erysipelothrix?
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penicillin during acute phase
not as successful in chronic phase |
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What is Mycobacterium?
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A strict aerobic, non spore forming rod, that does not gram stain well and is the causative agent for TB, leprosy and granulomatous disease
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What is the structure and composition of mycobacteria?
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lipid, glycolipids and peptidogycolipids
cell walls have mycolic acid |
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What are monocyte migration inhibitory factors?
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hold monocytes in granuloma
activated macrophages in secrete IL-12 to produce MMIFs |
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Who does Mycobacterium tuberculosis affect?
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Primates
causes TB in primates cutaneous TB |
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Who does Mycobacterium bovis affect?
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A wide range of hosts
ruminants and deer reservoir zoonosis |
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Who does Mycobacterium avium affect?
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ruminants and birds
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How is Mycobacterium transmitted?
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by the respiratory and alimentary tract
less commonly per cutaneous, transplacental, transovarian and intrauterine |
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What is the pathology of Mycobacterium?
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tubercle formation
caseous necrosis at the center of the lesion macrophages and lymphocytes with fibroblasts in the periphery can cause exudative process in acute cases like in pneumonia (prodominately neutrophils) causes cell mediated immunity |
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What signs and symptoms are presented with mycobacterium?
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debilitating illness, erratic appetite, irregular low grade fever, enlarged lymph nodes, cough and diarrhea
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What is the susceptibility, recovery and resistance of mycobacterium?
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breed susceptibilities differ
acquired resistance depends on cell mediated response |
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What are ways to identify Mycobacterium?
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sample collection from lymph nodes, thoracic or abdominal aspirites
urine, feces and biopsy speciman direct exam of fluids using centrifugation acid-fast stain tuberculin test |
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How can you get a false positive with a tuberculin test?
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implies present or past infection
could have a hypersensitivity to non-tuberculous bacteria |
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How can you get a false negative tuberculin test?
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recent infection or immunocompromised
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How do you treat Mycobacteruim?
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steptomyocin for 9 months
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What causes Johnes disease in cattle?
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Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
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What does Macobacterium leprae cause?
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leprosy in humans
not in any other domestic animals cell mediated response well developed causes neural damage and paralysis |
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What does mycobacterium lepraemunium cause?
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feline leprosy
not true leprosy source suspected by rodent and arthopod bites |
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What is canine leproid granuloma syndrome?
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caused by saprophytic mycobacteria
diagnosed by ziehl-neelson stain affects subcutaneous and skin of pinnae usually self limiting |
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What does Mycobacteruim manulum affect?
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aquatic species
no vaccine available zoonosis |
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What are filamentous bacteria?
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bacteria that have filamentous forms at some time in their life cycle and include members of the genera: actinomyces, nocardia and dermatophilus
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What is nocaridia?
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a filamentous bacteria that is gram positive partially acid fast and associated with immunodeficiencies in humans, bovine mastitis general supportive and pyogranulomatous processes in massively exposed individuals
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What is the most common species of Nocardia?
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Nocardia asteroides
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What type of cell wall does Nocardia have?
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mycolic acid with high concentration of lipids
superoxide dismutase to inhibit phagocytic killing |
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What is the reservoir of Nocardia?
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saprophytic in soil and water
transmitted by ingestion, inhalation and trauma |
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What is the variability of Nocarida?
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serotypes are based on soluble antigens
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What that pathogenesis of Nocardia?
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causes suppurative process in granulomatous features, involves lymph nodes and hematogenous dissemination
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What does Nocardia cause in bovine?
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mastitis
bovine farcy (involvement of the lymphadics) pneumonia and abortion |
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What does Nocardia cause in horses?
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affects the immunosupressed
causes local lesions abortion |
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What does Nocarida cause in swine?
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Abortion and pneumonia
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What does Nocardia cause in humans?
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found in immunosuppresed individuals
subcutaneous and pulmonary forms (can be fatal: neuroleptic) |
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What are the immunological aspects of Nocarida?
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cell mediated response
Ab offer littler protection |
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How do you treat Nocardia?
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surgically taking the lesions out
not a permanent cure penicillin not effective remove infected animals |
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What is Actinomyces?
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A filamentous bacteria found on oral membranes, tooth surfaces and mucous membranes of the GI tract
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What are a cellular component of Actinomyces that is of medical interest?
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sialidase- amplifies adherance by exposing receptors
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What is the pathogenesis of actinomyces?
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pyogranulomatous reactions by unknown mechanisms
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What does actinomyces cause in ruminants?
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lumpy jaw
trauma or ingestion of poor silage, causes ostepmyelitis and replacement with porous bone |
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What does actinomyces cause in horses?
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supra-alantal and supraspinous bursitis (poll evil and fistolous withers)
also see cervical lymphadenitis |
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What does actinomyces cause in dogs?
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usually associated with licking foreign objects bacteria migrate to cause: actinomycotic discospondylitis and nodulo-ulcerative lymphangitis (rare)
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What does actinomyces cause in swine?
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mastitis, abortion and pneumonia
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What is the transmission for actinomyces?
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by bites
other than that non communicable disease |
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How do you diagnose Actinomyces?
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gram positive, non acid fast sulfur granules
require enrichment media slow growers hemolysis rare |
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How do you control actinomyces?
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bovines: iodine orally or IV weekly
dogs/cats surgery and long term antibiotics |
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What is Dermatophilus?
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A gram positive filamentous bacteria found in the tropic areas Africa and the Caribbean and an obligative parasite of animals causing economic loses
transmission by direct and indirect contact with arthropods |
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What are the disease patterns of Dermatophilus?
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causes exudative dermatitis of livestock
acute form -self limiting chronic form treated with antibiotics |
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How do you diagnose Dermatophilus?
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gram positive
beta hemolytic colonies grows in 24 hours |
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How do you treat Dermatophilus?
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mild soap and water
iodine penicillin minimize skin trauma |
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What is invasive clostridium?
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a spore forming, gram positive anaerobic rod that causes enterotoxemia and diarrhea
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What is the structure of invasice clostridum?
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some have pili or fimbriae
some have flagella some have capsules (C perfringens and C difficile) |
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What are the growth characteristics of invasive clostridium?
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they grow in 2-10 CO2 at 37C
emit putrid odors |
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What is the resistance of invasive clostridium?
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vegetative form is susceptable to environmental stress and disinfectants
Endospores are resistant to heat, drying, irradiation and disinfectants |
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What is Clostridia perfringes?
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Gram variable
the most isolated pathogenic bacteria found in human infections and main cause of clostridial disease in animals 5 types and associated with gas gangrene |
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What are cellular products of clostridium perfringens that are of medical interest?
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adhesions - fibronectin and collagen binding proteins
capsule - antiphagocytic and encapsulation important in gas gangrene VirR/VirS - regulate toxic expression Enterotoxin - produces spores |
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What type of toxins does Clostridia perfringens make?
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Alpha - phospholipase C - causes lysis of host cell membrane
Beta - pore forming toxin (CNS signs) Epsilon - necrotizing causes damage to microvasculature in brain and kidney (accumulates there) |
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What is the reservoir of Clostridia perfringens?
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intestinal tract of animals
in the soil by endospores |
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How is Clostridia perfringens transmitted?
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ingestion and wound infection
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What is the pathogenesis of Clostridia perfringens type A?
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wound infections
causes gas gangrene and necrotizing cellulitis not common but seen in horses with deep IM injections causes yellow lamb disease - gastritis and hemolytic disease of ruminants |
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What is the pathogenesis of Clostridia perfringens type B?
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causes lamb dysentary in newborn lambs
causes diarrhea, depression, anorexia and abdominal pain 100% mortality rate also seen in foals, calves and mature sheep and goats |
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What is the pathogenesis of Clostridia perfringens type C?
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neonatal calves, foals, piglets and lambs with underdeveloped intestinal flora
causes hemorrhagic enteritis rapid mortality 100% |
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What is the pathogenesis of Clostridia perfringens type D?
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enterotoxemia of lambs, sheep, goats and calves
due to overeating and pulpy kidney disease epsilon toxin increases toxin permeability has CNS effects |
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What is the pathogenesis of Clostridia perfringens type E?
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rare form of enterotoxemia in rabbits, calves and lambs
causes ulcerative gastritis and hemorrhagic enteritis |
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What is the epidemiology of Clostridia perfringens?
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found in normal intestinal tract
influenced by age and diet over eating slows intestinal motility and causes problems |
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What are the immunological aspects of Clostridia perfringens?
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immunity is antibody-mediated that correlates with anti-toxin levels
passive and active immunity is important for control |
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How do you diagnose Clostridia perfringens?
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a non motile polysaccharide capsule found in tissue
spores rarely found in exudate isolation in BA in anaerobic environments spores survive heating 80C at 15 minutes Naglers reaction (egg yolk agar) alpha toxin is associated with hot cold lysis |
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How do you treat and control Clostridia perfringens?
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mostly too acute of successful treatment
anti-toxin can be given to sick and susceptible animals which provides 2-3 weeks of protection antibiotic treatment prevent over eating |
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What is Clostridia difficile?
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significant in diarrheal disease in humans
significance in animals is less clear can be asymptomatic adheres to the walls of the large intestine and has an antiphagocytic capsule |
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What are the toxins associated with Clostridia difficile?
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toxin A - disrupt signaling pathways and tight junctions between intestinal epitheilial cells
causes cell death toxin B - has little enterotoxin activity |
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What is the reservoir and transmission of Clostridia difficile?
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intestinal canal of normal and clinically affected animals
spores resistant to most environmental stresses very variable and linked to stress, administration of antibiotics chemotherapeutic agents and NSAIDS |
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What is the pathogenesis of Clostridia difficile?
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antibiotic treatment leads to disruption of intestinal flora and colonization of Clostridia difficile which adheres to the large intestine causing an intense inflammatory response causing loss of electolytes and water follows
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What are the immunological aspects of Clostridia difficile?
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immunity is probably anti-toxin
orally administered |
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How is Clostridia difficile diagnosed?
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selective media (fuctose agar)
PCR |
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How do you treat Clostridia difficile?
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metronidizole (flagyl)
no vaccine available handwashing disinfect (doesn't work against spores) |
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What is Clostridia novyi?
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a bacterium that causes gas gangrene, big head and black disease
has 3 types |
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What are the exotoxins produced by Clostridia novyi?
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alpha - main toxin causes death by breakdown of cytoskeletal components
beta - causes death by hemolytic phospholipase delta - cholesterol binding cytolysin that forms pores |
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What is the reservoir of Clostridia novyi?
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Type A found in soil
Type B found in intestine and liver of herbivores enter by ingestion or wound infection |
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What does type A Clostridia novyi cause?
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gas gangrene in humans
big head of rams (fights) death occurs in about 2 days |
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What does type B Clostridia novyi cause?
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spores are mobilized from liver and intestine cause growth and toxin production
signs include depression, anorexia and hypothermia causes black disease |
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What does Type B Clostridum difficile that causes Black disease also coincide with?
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the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica
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How do you treat and control type B Clostridum difficile?
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no effective treatment
control is directly related to the treatment of flukes and other hepatopathic agents |
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What is clostridium haemolyticum?
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phenotypically like type B C. novyi
has phospholipase C causes hemoglobinuria (red water) |
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What is the reservoir and how is clostridium haemolyticum transmission?
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the digestive tract and liver of ruminants
also in soil dissemination of disease follows movement of cattle |
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How do you treat clostridium haemolyticum?
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broad spectrum antibiotics
tetracycline |
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What is clostridrium septicum?
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it is the leading cause wound infection in farm animals
causes malignant edema resembles black leg and gas gangrene causes lesion on abomasal wall of sheep (cold weather disases) |
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What is the toxin produced by clostridrium septicum?
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alpha toxin
the main and only demonstrated virulence factor |
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What is the reservoir and how is clostridrium septicum transmitted?
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the soil and flukes are the reservoir
acquire by wound infections |
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What is the pathogenesis of malignant edema causes by clostridrium septicum?
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direct wound contamination, hemorrhage and edema occur, becomes crepitant and death occurs after about 24 hours
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What is the prognosis for clostridrium septicum?
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guarded
possible therapy includes penicillin can vaccinate cattle hygiene limits exposure risks |
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What is Clostridium chauvoei?
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an invasive bacteria that causes blackleg?
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What is the reservoir for Clostridium chauvoei?
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the intestine, liver and other tissues of susceptible and resistant species
acquired from soil or from injury |
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What is the toxin product from Clostridium chauvoei?
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alpha toxins
main virulence factor hemolytic,necrotizing and lethal |
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What is the epidemiology of Clostridium chauvoei?
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causes black leg
affects well feed cattle under 3 years affects some sheep with wound infections |
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What signs are seen with black leg?
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high fever
anorexia depression lamness rancid butter odor microscopically see degenerative changes in muscle fibers disruption by edema and emphysema and hemorrhage |
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How do you control Clostridium chauvoei?
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treatment is often disappointing
cattle are vaccinated at 3-6 months pregnant ewes are vaccinated 3 weeks prior to parturition lambs are required vaccination during 1st year change of pasture is advisable when cases are first observed |
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What is non-invasive bacteria?
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bacteria that produce disease strictly through the action of neutotoxins
C botulinum C tetani |
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What are the mechanisms of action for non-invasive clostridia?
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same mechanism of action as invasinve but different disease with different manifestations
toxins affect different sites in the nervous system botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin block NT release |
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What is clostriduim botulinum?
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gram positive, spore-forming obligately anaerobic rod
causes flacid paralysis produces neurotoxin seen in ruminants, horses, mink and fowl |
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What are the neurotoxins products of Botulinum?
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BoNT = botulinum neurotoxins
have zinc endopeptidase and bind to cholinergic nerve cells |
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What is the resistance of Botulinum?
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heat resistance of spores varies between culture groups, toxin type
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What is the reservoir of clostridium botulinum?
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soil and aquatic sediments
transmission by spore ingestion important in human infants |
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What is the pathogenesis of clostridium botulinum?
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BoNT are ingested and absorbed in the stomach and small intestine, distributed in the blood stream and binds to receptors and enter nerve after cell mediated endocytosis after docking you get flaccid paralysis due to lack of NT (Ach)
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What is the epidemiology of clostridium botulinum?
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there are 6 times (A-F)
A and B found in soil CDEF found in wet environments dead cats or rodents in feed can be source of outbreak D seen in phosphorus diet deficencies B seen in cattle and mules human botulism can be traced to improperlly processed meat, seafood or canned vegetables |
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What are the immunological aspects of clostridium botulinum?
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resistance depends on circulating antitoxin
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What is the treatment and how isclostridium botulinum controlled?
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removal of affect water areas
placing food on dry areas Guianidine and aminopyridine stimulates Ach release germine intensifies neural impulses |
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How is clostridium botulinum diagnosed?
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requires demonstration of the toxin in plasma or tissue before death or from a fresh carcass
isolation of organism is not definitive, culture on BA and egg yolk agar serological and molecular techniques are available demonstration of toxin in feedstuff, fresh stomach content or vomit |
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What is Clostridium tetani?
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a non invasive gram positive, spore forming obligate anaerobic rod that produces tetanus and characterized by tonic-clonic convulsions
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What animals are susceptible to Clostridium tetani?
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horses and humans
in all animals mortality rate is high |
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What are the links for tetanus?
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nail causing wounds in the foot
barnyard surgery rubberbands for castration ear tagging post partum infecion small animal fights |
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What is the toxin produced my clostridia tetani?
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tetanospasmin
zinc endopeptidase binds to cholinergic nerve cells tetanolysin binds to cholesterol drafts in the eukaryotic cell forming pores spores are resistant to boiling up to 1.5 hours |
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What is the reservoir and transmission Clostridia tetani?
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soil
spore are introduced into wounds |
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What is the pathogenesis of clostridia tetani?
|
ascending tetanus follows retrograde intra-axonal transport of toxin
not highly susceptible in dogs and cats descending tetanus found in horses and humans disseminated via vascular channels mortality is 50% and the highest is in the young |
|
|
What are some signs of Clostridia tetani infection?
|
stiffness, muscular tremor and increased responsiveness to stimuli
|
|
|
What is an immunological Aspect of Clostridia tetani?
|
acquire resistance depending on circulating antitoxin
survivors are susceptible to re-infection passive and active protection is provided by administration on anti toxin or immunization |
|
|
How do you treat Clostridium tetani?
|
neutralization of circulating toxin with anti toxin
supression of toxin by wound care life support and systematic relief to patient |
|
|
What are non-spore forming obligate anaerobes?
|
a wide variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria that are usually part of normal flora and some have capsules, flagella and adhesins
|
|
|
What are the cellular products of medical interest with non-spore forming obligate anaerobes?
|
capsule - anti complement anti phagocytic and proinflammatory
cell wall gram pos peptidoglycan gram neg LPS and O proteins |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of non-spore forming obligate anaerobes?
|
inoculation of anaerobes in compromise site due to trauma or vascular breakdown which leads to reduction of oxygen and growth of bacteria
little to no immune response |
|
|
How do you diagnose non-spore forming obligate anaerobes?
|
sample collection of suppurative and necrotic processes kept in vessels with low O2
direct exam by stained smears usually slow growers |
|
|
How do you treat and control non-spore forming obligate anaerobes?
|
Drainage and the use of antimicrobial agents
treatment need to be for both anaerobes and facultative organisms |
|
|
What are some examples of gram negative none spore forming anaerobic rods?
|
Fusobacterium necrophorum
cause foot rot an important causative agent of bovine liver abscesses |
|
|
What is the reservoir and transmission of Dichelobacter nodosus?
|
infected foot of sheep and goats transmitted by direct or indirect contact
|
|
|
What is the reservoir and transmission of fusobacterium necrophorum?
|
normally inhabitats of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract of animals and himans
mainly endogenous |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of foot rot?
|
interdigital epidermis is damaged
get inflammation and hyperkeratosis proliferates and exacerbates the damage |
|
|
What is Salmonella?
|
A gram negative bacteria with a capsule to protect against MAC and a cell wall with Lipid A endotoxin and O antigen.
It has Adhesions by fimbria or pili |
|
|
What are Salmonella Phathogenicity Islands?
|
cellular products of medical interest
secrete different effectors also have enterotoxin (causes loss of electrolytes) iron acquisition (Siderophores) stress proteins for acid tolerance and survival in the phagocytic cells type III and VI secretion system effector proteins survive inside macrophages some induce death of activated macrophages there at least 6 SPI |
|
|
What is the reservoir of Salmonella?
|
ubiquitous geographically and zoologically
GI tract of warm and cold blooded animals feral birds and rodents are important in dissemination contaminated soils, vegetation, water and animal feed |
|
|
What is the epidemiology of Salmonella?
|
outbreaks correlated with depressed immune status
ex) newborn animals, stressed adults, altered normal flora due to stress and antibiotics |
|
|
How is Salmonella transmitted?
|
ingestion of salmonella
factors include age, immune status, concurrent disease and normal flora (extremely important) can see sub-acute, acute or chonic presentations |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of Salmonella?
|
M cell vacant from normal flora
Adherence (Agf, Pef) injection and interalization replication and apoptosis Chemokine release (inflammation) Dissemination |
|
|
What does Salmonella cause?
|
hemorrhagic inflammation of distal small intestine and large bowl and superficial necrosis of the intestinal tract
Septicemia Hemorrhage of pericardium, peritoneal surfaces, adrenal cortices |
|
|
Where do humans get Salmonella from?
|
humans get all Salmonella serotypes
the sources are eggs, milk, swine and cattle dose, serotype and host immune system are important |
|
|
Where do Ruminants get salmonella from?
|
significant disease from feedlots
the very young (4-6 weeks) and adults animals causes pneumonia and abortion |
|
|
Where does Salmonella cause in swine?
|
Mainly seen in stress feeder pigs
presentation include speticemia (acute) and intestinal (chonic) virulence depends on strain, host defenses and antibiotic treatment |
|
|
How does Salmonella affect horses?
|
common in adult horses
causes diarrhea but occasionally septicemia predisposed by GT tract surgeries, colic and antimicrobial treatments salmonella can be carried normally or acquired |
|
|
How does Salmonella affect dogs and cats?
|
very uncommon
outbreaks do occur in contaminated food or treats high differentials in septicemias |
|
|
How does Salmonella affect poultry?
|
disease caused by motile salmonella
causes septicemia survivors become asymptomatic excretors infection through ingestion |
|
|
What is Pullorum disease?
|
salmonellosis in poultry
common worldwide but rare in north america infect ova of chickens and turkeys hatching of infected eggs contaminates other chicks mortality due to septicemia (2-3 weeks) |
|
|
What is paratyphoid?
|
Salmonellosis in poultry
caused by motile Salonella causes septicemia survivors become asymptomatic excretors infection through ingestion |
|
|
What is fowl typhoid?
|
salmonellosis in poultry
rare in the USA acute septicemia chronic disease in chickens causes enlarged liver and brittle spleen in turkeys |
|
|
What is Avian Arizonosis?
|
Salmonellaosis in poultry
mainly in turkeys seen in hatching eggs become infected after ingestion by the hen and feces |
|
|
What are the immunological aspects of Salmonella>
|
innate and acquired immunity plays a role due to normal flora, antibodies, activated macrophages and NK cells
vaccination is a challenge, needs to stimulate a strong cellular response Live attenuated vaccines are a possibility |
|
|
How is Salmonella diagnosed?
|
fresh fecal samples from intestinal infection
Selective media such as MacConkey, lactose no-fermentators and produce H2S Culture in BA |
|
|
How do you treat, control and prevent salmonella?
|
nursing care is primordial
antimicrobial treatment is controversial |
|
|
What is E.coli?
|
a gram negative bacteria that is part of normal flora and can cause gastroenteritis from exogenous sources
|
|
|
What does E. coli cause in birds, pigs, ruminants dogs cats and horses?
|
Enteritis and septicemia
|
|
|
What does E coli cause in pigs?
|
edema disease
|
|
|
What are the opportunistic cause in all animals?
|
canine pyometra and cystitis
ruminants mastitis |
|
|
What are the cellular compositions of E.coli?
|
LPS (O antigen and endotoxin)
Proteins Capsules (K antigens Flagella (H antigens) Adhesin (Fimbria pili) |
|
|
What are the cellular products of medical interest for E. coli?
|
Siderophores - iron
Adhesins (fimbria or pili) - which promote adherence to glycoproteins (GI and phagocytic cells) important virulence factors K -contact with elements of innate innate immunity LPS important virulence factor -Lipid A |
|
|
What do the enterotoxins from E.coli cause?
|
results in deregulation of water and electrolyte secretion by affected host cell (diarrhea)
|
|
|
What does the Labile toxin of E. coli?
|
affects adenyl cyclase system
composed of A and B subunits A translocates across the host membrane B binds to the surface of intestinal cells leads to diarrhea, hypovolemia, Metabolic Acidosis and hyperkalemia |
|
|
What is the Stable toxin produced by E.coli?
|
Sta (suckling mice and pigs) causes fluid and electrolyte accumulation in the bowel lumen
Stb (piglets and weaned pigs) loss of NaCl and water, blockage of absorption of NaCl |
|
|
What are hemolysins dealing with E. coli?
|
they are repeat toxins that repeat glycine-rich sequences within the protein aid in virulence
|
|
|
What type of hemolysis is demonstrated by Blood agar?
|
beta hemolysis
|
|
|
What is secretion systems in bacteria?
|
Bacteria can produce lots of effecter toxins in their cytoplasm. They will then inject the toxins through the membrane of host cells with these different kinds of systems. Can inject out into environment as well.
|
|
|
What is the variability of E. coli?
|
highly variable by O repeat units, h and k antigens
need cell mediated immunity |
|
|
What is the reservoir and transmission of E. coli?
|
lives in the lower GI tract (ileum and large intestine) of most vertebrates and common in the environment
transmit by fecal oral route |
|
|
What is the Pathogenesis of E.coli?
|
most strains are non pathogenic
do not have genes can acquire genes by transduction, conjugation and transformation |
|
|
What is enterotoxigenic E.coli?
|
from E coli that occurs in neonatal pigs, calves and lambs, weanling pigs, reported in dogs and horses
needs both adhesions and enterotoxins causes watery non bloody diarrhea with inflammatory changes of GI tract bacteria coating the villi of distal portion of small intestine |
|
|
What is enteropathogenic E.coli
|
transmitted by the oral route
a bacteria that causes mucoid and chronic diarrhea diarrhea the virulence factors uses intimin as adhesin and uses type three secretion system |
|
|
What is enterohemorragic E. coli
|
E.coli acquire from the oral route and attaches to the large intestine. Causes hemorrhagic diarrhea
E.coli O157H7 (bovines) can local or systemic |
|
|
What is Enteraggregative E. coli?
|
produces watery diarrhea
sheets of bacteria entrapped in mucus covering the small intestine epithelium associated with weaned pigs and calves |
|
|
How do you diagnose E coli
|
MacConkey agar (lactose pos)
BA |
|
|
What is Shigella?
|
a bacteria that is almost exclusive for primates that has an adherence to M cell and large intestinal epithelium and a LPS cell wall (o antigen) that is anticomplement
|
|
|
What are the exotoxins of Shigella?
|
S. dysentreriae produces shiga toxin that targets endothelial cells in blood vessels
SigA (shegella IgA protease) |
|
|
What are some cellular products of interests regarding Shigella?
|
invasion plasmids (IpaB and IpaC) formation of ruffles in cytoskeleton of host and lysis of phagocytes.
(IcsA and IcsB) intracellular spread of shigella. regulatory proteins senses iron conc, expression of siderophores, aerobactin and shiga toxin RNA polymerase -acid tolerance |
|
|
How is Shigella transmitted?
|
Fecal-oral transmission extremely important in the presence of normal flora
|
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of shigella?
|
ingested bacteria survive the pH of the stomach (RpoS) destroy mucus and attach to M cells, form ruffles uptake by macrophages and causes tissue damage, hemorragic diarrhea and endothelial cell destruction
|
|
|
What are the immunological aspects against shigella?
|
protection by secreted Ab to prevent adhereence and uptake
Complement, PMN Vaccine not universally available |
|
|
How is Shigella diagnosed?
|
rectal swabs or fecal samples
stained smears to look for inflammatory cells, cellular debris and blood usin selective media like MacConkey some are lactose fermenting |
|
|
How do you treat and control Shigella?
|
Nursing and supportive care, sometimes antimicrobial agents but can select for resistant strains
some yeast competes with S. flexneri |
|
|
What is Klebsiella?
|
a faculatative anaerobic, oxidase negative, non motile gram negative rod that is an opportunistic bacteria
|
|
|
Where is Klebsiella found?
|
common in nature
found in surface water, sewage, soil and on plant material |
|
|
What are some products of medical interest for Klebsiella?
|
capsule - essential to virulence antiphagocytic and anticomplement in urinary and respiratory tract
endotoxin - lipid A causes fever neutropenia, petichia and shock Enterotoxin - heat stable toxin Adhesins pili, fimbriae, aggregative adhesins Siderophores - aerobactin and enterobactin |
|
|
What does Klebsiella cause in cattle?
|
bovine mastitis
common in dairy cattle housed during the winter months on sawdust bedding predisposed by moist bedding and trauma by milking machines |
|
|
What does Klebsiella cause in Equine?
|
Reproductive tract disease (vaginitis, infertility, metritis and abortion)
Navel ill - common in animals with failed passive transfer with colostrum septicemia, productive omphalitis, septic arthritis and pyelonephritis common |
|
|
What does Klebsiella cause in dogs, pet birds, reptiles and humans?
|
dogs - pyometra, cysttitis, pneumonia, meningocephalitis, enteritis mastitis and hepatic abscessation
birds- septicemia, respiratory infections and diarrhea reptiles - pnemonia and hypopyon humans associated with nosocomial infections, affecting the urinary tract |
|
|
How do you diagnose Klebsiella?
|
bacteriological culture on BA
bilchemical kits molecular (hypermucoviscosity) conventional and selective media |
|
|
How do you prevent and control Klebsiella?
|
watch animal bedding
to prevent nocosomial infections improve hand washing, sterilazion procedures, and closed system urinary damage. Reduce prophylactic use of antimicrobials |
|
|
What is Yersinia?
|
a bacteria that has several references to the plague in ancient literature but is now recognized as a bioweapon
|
|
|
What is Yersinia pestis?
|
a subspecies of Y. pseudotuberculosis with 3 biotypes (ability to reduce nitrate)
rodents base zoonotic disease |
|
|
What are cell products of medical importance with Y pestis?
|
capsule - interferes with phagocytosis and protection from MAC
cell wall rough phenotype (O antigen) LPS is an important virulence factor |
|
|
What is the reservoir and transmission of Yersinia pestis?
|
reservoir tolerant rodents in endemic areas
transmission by rat fleas, airborne and oral acquisition |
|
|
What is the pathogeneis of Yersinia?
|
Rat flea feeds on infected host
bacteria killed at site do to inflammation blocks the proventriculus and flea thinks it starving and takes subsequent meals from animals and aiding in transmission the bacteria secrete proteins to aid in survival causes lymph node involvement, septicemia, pneumonia plague (just like mycobacterium, francisella |
|
|
Hoe does Yersinia affect humans?
|
a lot is traced to feline infections by bits, cuts, scratches, airborne and flea born
causes reginal lymphadenitis, fever, depression, anorexia, sneezing and coughing in domestic animals causes keratoconjunctivitis in wild animals not transmitted by any other flea than the rat flea because other fleas do not get blocked infection to others is due to bits and scratches by already infected individuals |
|
|
How is Yersinia diagnosed?
|
needs to be done by an qualified public health personnel
culture (BA) direct smears (IFA, gram stain) molecular (PCR) Serological rest (ELISA and hemagglutination) in vivo (mice or guinea pigs) |
|
|
How is Yersinia treated and controlled?
|
isolate suspected cats
rodent control in urban areas antibiotic susceptibility no vaccines for animals available bacterins in humans are transient |
|
|
What is Yersinia pseudotuberculosis?
|
a bacteria worldwide in cold months and associated with birds and rodents and occasionally in domestic animals and primates
|
|
|
What are the products of medical importance for Y pseudotuberculosis?
|
adhesins - adherence to M cells and ileal epithelial cells
Grs (global stress requirement) needs to survive environment since it affects the GI tract |
|
|
What is the reservoir and how is Y pseudotuberculosis transmitted?
|
wild rodents and birds
reptiles and cats transmission mainly by ingestion |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of Y pseudotuberculosis?
|
similar to Y pestis with invasion of M cells
it survives in the macrophages and is anticomplement, antiphagocytic |
|
|
What diseases does Y pseudotuberculosis cause?
|
enteritis and septicemia
mastitis in cattle abortion in ruminants and monkeys self limiting in immunocompetent humans |
|
|
What are the immunological aspects of Y pseudotuberculosis?
|
naturally acquired in surviving individuals
not commercially available |
|
|
How is Y pseudotuberculosis diagnosed?
|
isolation from feces and LN
cold enrichment (4C for several weeks) molecular diagnosis |
|
|
What is Yersinia enterocolitica?
|
mainly a bacteria of domestic animals and primates
causesing meenteric lymphadenitis. terminal ileitis, acute gastroenteritis and septicemia due to variability it makes creating a vaccine harder |
|
|
What are some products of medical importance dealing with Y enterocolitica?
|
plasmid and chromosomal genes
cell wall typical gram negative Grs (global stress requirement) Yst -stable toxin, deregulation of cGMP to block Na and CL absorption mainly an extracellulat organism and usually self limiting |
|
|
What is the reservoir and transmission of Y enterocolitica?
|
water, food, soil and vegetables
humans and mollusks are asymptomatic warmblooded animals are not a source transmission by ingestion |
|
|
What disease patterns do you see with Y enterocolitica?
|
mild diarrhea and asymptomatic infection in humans
Ileitis, gastroenteritis, mesenteric adenitis and diarrhea in animals |
|
|
How do you diagnose Y enterocolitica?
|
selective medialike CNI or MacConkey
cold enrichment PCR |
|
|
How do you treat Y enterocolitica?
|
resistance is commonly found
antimicrobial susceptibility needed like tetracyclines |
|
|
What is Yersinia ruckeri?
|
enteric red-mouth disease
freshwater trout and other carrier mammals causes hemorrhagic inflammation of perioral subcutaneus moralities in NA, Australia and Europe pathogenesis not completely described excellent vaccine in the market few Ab to use in aquaculture species |
|
|
What is Pseudomonas?
|
a gram negative, aerobic motile rod with a worldwide distribution and remarkable capacity to adapt and thrive in diverse ecological niches
the only one of veterinary importance is P aeuroginosa |
|
|
Where is pseudomonas found?
|
wet, poorly aerated environments, surgery areas within support bags and hoses in anesthetic machines
has an affinity to certain transient bacteria not part of normal flora - infections are secondary to compromised hosts by environmental or endogenous factors glycoproteins on epithelial cells |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas?
|
reduced normal flora and/or use of antimicrobials
colonization of pseudomonas, highly resistance, adherence tissue destruction and inflammation |
|
|
What does Pseudomonas cause in dogs and cats?
|
otitis externa
lower urinary tract infections and pyoderma |
|
|
What does Pseudomonas causes in horses?
|
vaginitis, keratitis and conjunctivitis
|
|
|
What does Pseudomonas cause inbovine?
|
mastitis
|
|
|
What does Pseudomonas cause in reptiles?
|
necrotic stomatitis, pneumonia and septicemia
|
|
|
What does Pseudomonas cause in humans?
|
septicemia in immunocompromised individuals
|
|
|
What are the immunological aspects of pseudomonas?
|
specific immune response does not seem to play much of a role
need to decrease the risk of secondary infection |
|
|
How is Pseudomonas diagnosed?
|
grows on all common media (4-41C)
hemolytic and fast growing oxidase positive (extremely important and different from enterics) |
|
|
How do you treat and control pseudomonas?
|
identify predisposing factor and eliminate source of the orgainism
antimicrobial therapy is difficult practice good hygiene vaccines may reduce disease severity |
|
|
What is Burkholderia?
|
gram negative aerobic rod that produces pyogranulomatous diseases
|
|
|
What is Burkholderia mallei?
|
bioweapon
causes glanders in equids affects other animals including humans has a capsule that protects from complement and a type 3 secretion system |
|
|
What is the reservoir and transmission of Burkholderia mallei?
|
true parasite of equid
can't survive more than 2 weeks without host transmission by contaminated feed and water, fomites inhalation and wounds |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of Burkholderia mallei?
|
infections spreads by lymphatic and blood stream after initial entry causing nodular lesions in the LN,lungs, liver and skin
|
|
|
What is Glanders?
|
an acute and chronic ingection of burkholderia mallei that affects horses and has zoonotic potiential
50% mortality before antibiotics causes fever, skin problems, respiratory swelling ***reportable diease in the USA*** |
|
|
What is Burkholderia pseudomallei?
|
a bacteria that presents like glanders and is a pyogranulomatous disease
gram neg facultative intracellular rod that live in wet environments and it is motile causes infections in humans that can become rapidly fatal adhesins mimic phagocytes in the environment |
|
|
What is the reservoir and transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei?
|
soild and water
increased with heavy rainfall transmitted by ingestion, wound infection, air and arthropod bites |
|
|
What does Burkholderia pseudomallei cause?
|
systemic disease
chronic nodular or purulent inflammatory disease |
|
|
How do you diagnose Burkholderia pseudomallei?
|
isolation and identification of nodular contents
BA, chocolate agar and some MacConkey in vivo infectinons of G pigs and hamsters |
|
|
What is the immunological aspects of Burkholderia pseudomallei?
|
humoral and cellular response present
those that recover are not protected no commercial vaccines successful vaccination in horses and zoo animals |
|
|
How do you treat and control Burkholderia pseudomallei?
|
test suspect clinical cases in endemic areas
burn contaminated bedding and food discourage the treatment of equine antibiotics for humans |
|
|
What is Pasteurella?
|
Gram negative cocobacilli that is a facultative anaerobe and is oxidase positive
|
|
|
What are cellular products of medical importants for Pasteurella?
|
adhesions - expression depending on envoronmental cues(fibrinogen-binding proteins)
capsule- adherence, antiphagocytic, anti-complement cell wall - LPS pro inflammatory response iron acquisition |
|
|
What toxins are produced by Pasteurella?
|
RTX toxin (glycin repeats in toxin)
Leukotoxin (bovine leukocytes and erythrocytes) drives a tissue destroying inflammatory response |
|
|
What is the resistance of Pasteurella?
|
revives months in bird carcasses
lots of resistance (R plasmid) high variability |
|
|
What is the reservoir and transmission of Pastuerella?
|
carried in MM of susceptible host
transmission by inhalation, ingestion, bites, scratch wounds |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of Pasteurella?
|
3 manifestations: in respiratory tract, septicemia(iron scavenging in ruminants and avians) and trauma associated (part of normal flora)
pneumonia in ruminants: predisposed condition allow bacteria to infect lung causes intense inflammatory response causes destruction of the lungs atrophic rhinitis(swine) adheres to damaged epithelium, destroys nasal tissue |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of Pasteurella in Ruminants?
|
pneumonia in ruminants: predisposed condition allow bacteria to infect lung causes intense inflammatory response causes destruction of the lungs
|
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of Pasteurella in swine?
|
atrophic rhinitis(swine)
adheres to damaged epithelium, destroys nasal tissue |
|
|
How do cattle get pneumonia?
|
M haemolytica and P. multocida
caused by shipping fever (important disease) stressful conditions disease caused 2-4 weeks after initial stimulus |
|
|
How do cattle get septicemia from Pasteurella?
|
acute systemic infection
high morbidity and mortality seen in tropical areas and highly stressful situations high fever depression, subcutaneous edema, hypersalivation, diarrhea and sudden death also causes mastitis |
|
|
What does Pasteurella cause in sheep and goats?
|
septicemia in lambs
enzootic pneumonia and mastitis (blue bag) |
|
|
What does Pasteurella cause in rabbits?
|
"snuffles"
most important bacterial disease in rabbits causes mucopurulent rhinosinusitus and also affects genital tracts and CNS |
|
|
What does Pasteurella cause in fowl?
|
septicemia is the main presentation
acquired by ingestion and inhalation high mortality with very few clinical signs |
|
|
How do does and cats get Pasteurella?
|
mouth related conditions
wound infections |
|
|
Where does pasteurella affect equine?
|
respiratory tract (P, caballi)
usually associated with streptococcus equi |
|
|
What are the immunological aspects of Pasteurella?
|
antibodies very important (anticapsule and anti toxins)
vaccines available and effective in cattle inconsistant in avians variable for swine |
|
|
How do you diagnose Pasteurella?
|
direct examination (exudate, bipolar staining)
Culture on blood agar 37C (some are hemolytic) Biochemically PCR |
|
|
What is the treatment and control of Pasteurella?
|
antimicrobial therapy recommended
proper management practices (reduce stress) immunization |
|
|
What is Photobacterium damsela?
|
pathogen of aquatic animals and zoonotic to humans
|
|
|
What is Actinobacillus?
|
Type of Pasteurella
Gram neg cocco-bacillli morse code appearance facultative aerobes, oxidase positive that is an opportunistic pathogen |
|
|
What are some cell products of medical interest with actinobacillus?
|
adhesion
targets nasal cavity and tonsilar cripts of carrier animals targets terminal bronchi and alveoli causing disease type 4 fimbria, LPS, antiphagocytic capsule, anticomplement |
|
|
What are the toxins associated with Actinobacillus?
|
RTX repetitive sequence
forms pores urease (breaks down to amomonia) Iron Acquisition IgA and IgG proteases (antibodies are not able to reach toxin) |
|
|
How is Actinobacillus transmitted?
|
bacteria is capable of long term survival in the environment
carrier animals are important in disease transmission mostly an endogenous infection |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of Actinobacillus?
|
usual due to contamination of sterile tissue
contamination of sterile site, followed by inflammatory response, bacteria survives, colonizes and replicates causing septicemia (capsule, OMP, RTX) causes suppurative lung lesions (tissue looks black) granuloma formation observed in ruminant tongue and lymph nodes |
|
|
What does Actinobacillosis?
|
wooden tongue of ruminants
lesion caused by trauma (plant) interferes with feed intake |
|
|
What is Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae?
|
an important worldwide disease that affects pigs less than 6 months during the colder months
spread by bad management crowding, poor ventilation, high stocking density, low immunity |
|
|
What does Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae cause in horses?
|
pneumonia (also seen with a mixed infection with streptococcus equi) of horses of any age
septicemia in foals (mare serves as source of infection) causes fever, inappetence, postration, diarrhea, lameness, polyarthritis and umbilical infections |
|
|
What are the immunological aspects of Actinobacillus?
|
vaccine usually protects against homologous serotype only
antibody in colostrum protects piglets and foals wooden tongue suggest cell mediated hypersensitivity |
|
|
How is Actinobacillus diagnosed?
|
gram stain negative with morse code morphology
growth on BA or MacConkey with CO2 at 37C speciation by PCT |
|
|
How do you treat and control Actinobacillus?
|
prevent with management practices
vaccinate use antimicrobials during acute outbreaks for wooden tongue - give iodides orally or IV and avoid harsh dry feed for foal septicemia - good foal hygiene, antimicrobial therapy successful |
|
|
What is Haemophilus and Histophilus?
|
type of pasteurella
gram negative coccobacilli facultative anaerobes fastidious organisms normal inhabitants of mucous membrane |
|
|
What are the cellular products of interest regarding haemophilus and Histophilus?
|
adhesins deoending on environmental cues
have fimbriae and pili iron acquisition (OMP) capsules anti-phagocytic and anti-complement LPS |
|
|
What is the reservoir and transmission of Haemophilus and Histophilus?
|
found in the upper respiratory tract and lower GI tract
transmitted but air or close contact |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of Haemophilus and Histophilus?
|
contaminated sterile site causes attachement to endothelial cells escape from immune system, causes thrombosis, necroxsis, endotoxemia
some survive intercellularly |
|
|
What does Haemophilus parasuis cause in swine?
|
pneumonia
usually associated with swine influeza bacteria (pasturella and mycoplasma) causes septicemia in young and weaned pigs Glasser disease- inflammation affecting pleura, peritoneum, mediastinum, pericardium , joints and meninges cause fever general malaise, respiratory and abdominal lameness |
|
|
What does Haemophilus paragallinarium cause in poultry?
|
infections coryza
causes low mortality but loss of productivity see nasal discharge, swelling of sinuses and facial edema mycoplasma sp prolongs disease |
|
|
What are the immunological aspects of Haemophilus?
|
circulating antibodies are protective
vaccine therapies effective |
|
|
How is Haemophilus treated and controlled?
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antimicrobial therapies effective
elimination of carriers immunization of individuals at risk |
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What is Francisella?
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small gram negative pleomorphic non-motile obligatory aerobic bacteria that does not produce spores
extremely fastidious (glucose-cysteine blood agar) considered a bioweapon |
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What is F tularensis?
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highly infectious member of this genus
causes rabbit or deer flu fever affects a wide range of animals 4 different subspecies |
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What are cellular products of medical interest with Francisella?
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capsule- protect OM from complement
mannose receptors in phagocytes (macrophages) Acid phosphatase - suppresses respiratory burst has pathogenicity island -iron uptake |
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What is the reservoir and transmission of Francisella?
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found infected lagomorphs, rodents and amoeba
transmission by ticks and mosquitoes, contaminated waters ingestion of prey by contact (humans) |
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What is Tularemia?
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wide variety of clinical presentations in humans
usually dependent on mode of transmission of bacteria cause pneumonia with a non productive cough liver damage |
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What is the pathogenesis of Francisella?
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infections event
local phagocyte population, uptake and survival of complement and colonize in regional lymph nodes granulomatous inflammation and survive intracellularly pyogranulomatous inflammation |
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What are the immunological aspects of Francisella?
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largely cell mediated immunity follows recovery
antibodies play a role Live attenuated vaccines |
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How is Francisella diagnosed?
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Giemsa stain in exudate
serology (IFA,ELISA) culture (cysteine heart agar) in vivo Molecular diagosis (PCR) |
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How is Francisella treated or controlled?
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antimicrobial treatment
control of tick population limit access to contaminated waters or feed wild like population control (difficult) |
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How does Francisella affect aquatic orgainisms?
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affect warm and cold water fish
marine and fresh water environments emergent disease high infection in tilapia, cod and bass causes granulomatous lesions treatment with antimicrobials must penetrate the cell |
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What is Bordetella?
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pleomorphic gram negative coccobacilli
parasite of the ciliated respiratory epithelium causing canine kennel cough and bronchopneumonia Rhinotracheitis in birds |
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What are the cellular products on interest for Bordetella?
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adhesins due to environmental cutes
fimbriae adherence to repiratory tract cells capsule - antiphagocytic Cell wall - LPS OMP resistance to killing (anti complement) iron aquisition type III secrection (apoptosis, loss of epithelial integrity and evasion of immune system |
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What is the reservoir and transmission of Bordetella?
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mainly parasites of the ciliated respiratory tract tissue
transmitted by air (mammals) water and litter (turkeys) |
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What is the Pathogenesis of Bordetella?
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Activation of BvgAS regulon
adherence and multiplication in host cells escape immune system (capsule, LPS, T3SS) Depression of respiratory clearance, pneumonia suppurative process (rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis) |
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What does Bordetella cause in dogs and cats?
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canine intectious tracheobronchitis
affects young nonimmune dogs pneumonia cats: associated with calici virus, chlamydiophilia, herpes and mycoplasma |
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What does Bordetella cause in swine?
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affects pigs less that 6 weeks old
carriers are sows causes atropic rhinitis Pneumonia |
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What does Bordetella cause in poultry?
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B avium
affects the young causes tracheobronchitis, sinusitus airsacculitis, conjunctivitis motality low |
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What type of Bordetella is seen in laboratory animals?
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Rabbit bordetellosis
asymptomatic but can cause bronchopneumonia |
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What are the immunological aspects of Bordetella?
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can supress the immune system (cell mediated)
Antibodies give some protection (anti adhesions) Both bacterin-toxoids and live attenuated vaccines have shown some protection |
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How can you diagnose Bordetella?
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culture on BA and MacConkey
PCR Serology (microagglutination test) |
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How do you control and treat Bordetella?
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vaccination
maintance disinfection |
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What is Brucella?
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a gram negative, coccobacili with no capsule, flagella or spores
peptydoglycam is very prominent two circular chromosomes and no plasmids has worldwide distribution and affects several animals obligate parasite of reticuloendothelial system and genital tract ***causes abortion**** |
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What are the cellular products of interest for Bordetella?
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Erythritol (4 carbon alcohol) stimulate growth allantoic fluid factors
OMP - stimulated delay time hypersensitivity |
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What is the resistance and diversity of Brucella?
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survives freezing and thawing
survives up to 4 months in milk, water and damp soil Pasteurization effectively kills them differenc Brucella species vary in host preference and degree of virulence |
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how is Brucella transmitted and whatare the reservoirs?
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direct and indirect contact by ingestion
require and animal reservoir and has host preference survives some time outside of the host but is temperature and moisture dependent |
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What is the pathogenesis of Brucella?
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penetration intact mucosal surfaces after ingestion (peyer's patches)
macrophages uptake causing ruffling of micropinocytosis intracellular survival by T4SS, LPS etc causing abortion bt interference, endotoxin and fetal stress disseminate and enter regional LN causes granulomatous inflammation |
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What is the pathology of Brucella?
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causes intercotyledonary thickening with yellow gelatinous fluid
necrotic cotyledon with thick brown exudate aborted edematous fetus (main finding) males: palpable enlargement of epididymis orchitis |
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How does Brucella affect humans?
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reticulo-endotheliam system
causes mild lymphoadenopathy, splenomegly, hepatomegly signs appear 2-3 weeks post exposure fever chills, night sweats, fattigue, muscle and joint pain, endocarditis and osteomyelitis veterinarians are at the most risk human to human transmission is rare |
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What are the characteristics of Brucella infection?
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susceptibility of infection depends on age, sex, breed and pregnancy status
herd size and animal density boars play an important role for introducing brucella affects older rams and dogs in close confinements |
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What is the immunological aspect of Brucella?
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immune mechanism in in Pathogenesis
antibodies both protective and detrimental (can survive inside of phagocytes) effective immunity is primarily cellular in nature live attenuated vaccines can causes abortions, serological false positives in cattle, no vaccines available for dogs and pigs |
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How do you diagnose Brucella?
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gram stains
modified ziehl-neelson (not acid fast) no mycolic acid isolation on serum dextrose, tryptose and brucella agars slow growers |
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How do you treat Brucella?
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no treatment is attempted in livestock due to high treatment failure, cost and potential problem of maintaining infected animals
antimicrobials can be used in early detection dogs: neuter affected animals and antibiotic therapy |
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What is Moraxella?
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a gram negative pleomorphic bacterium that causes pathogenesis in mostly bovine
infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis |
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What are the cellular products of medical interest for Moraxella?
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adhesins - 4 pilus
capsule antiphagocytic and anticomplement cell wall- LPS O repeat and lipid A (proinflammatory) |
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What is the resistance and variability of Moraxella?
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not that resistant to physical or chemical agents
usually susceptible to antibiotics pili are immunogenically diverse |
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What is the reservoir and transmission of Moraxella?
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world wide in bovine and affects the conjunctiva and upper respiratory mucosa
transmission is with direct and indirect contact with flying insects |
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What is the pathogenesis of Moraxella?
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Attachement and destruction of tissue, inflammation and bacteria growth cause further damage, environmental and other pathogen also collaborate in the damage
results in blindness due to edema and neutrophilic inflammation |
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What are the immunological aspects of Moraxella?
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antibodies of all isotypes produced
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How do you diagnose Moraxella?
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IFA of edudate
culture on blood or serum biochemical analysis serological and molecular confirmation |
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What is Taylorella?
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a gram negative facultatice anaerobic coccobacillus
found in normal male donkeys causes contagious equine metritis in mares (high morbidity) |
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What are the cellular products of medical interest with Tayorella?
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capsule - anticomplement and antiphagocytic
cell wall LPS O repeats good response to antibiotics |
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What is the reservoir and transmission of Taylorella?
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equine disease of the genital tract
sexually transmission possibly acquired passively |
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What is the pathogenesis of Taylorella?
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not well described
withing days of exposure there is a purulent endometritis main damage is ti uterine epithelium cellular infiltrate in the endometrial stroma is predominately mononuclear |
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What is the immunological aspects of Taylorella?
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resistance present in recovered animals
antibodies present in serus and vaginal mucus bacterins do not prevent infection but reduce severity |
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How do you diagnose Taylorella?
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microscopy
culture with chocolate agar biochemical (oxidase, catalase and phosphatase positive) |
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How is Taylorella treated?
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treatment is questionable
some treat and some don'e endemic countries mandatory veterinary examination, breed animals of negative cultures Supervision of the movement of horses |
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What is Campylobacteriaceae?
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gram negative, curved rods with flagella that are associated with reproductive and intestinal tract disease
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What are the cellular products of interest with Campylobacteriaceae?
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adhesins - mannose resistant adhesion that binds fructise containing receptors on epithelial cells
capsule cell wall type three secretion system |
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What is the reservoir and transmission of Campylobacteriaceae?
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preputial crypts of the bull and the vagina of the carrier animal
intestinal tract of infected and recovering sheep intestinal tract of normal animals transmission by coitus and ingestion |
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What is the pathogenesis of Campylobacteriaceae?
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(cattle)transmission by coitus, multiply in cervico-vaginal junction, infects uterus and causes inflammation
causes abortion (Sheep and goats) ingestion gain access to blood stream and causes placentitis cytokine store and abortion (enteric disease) bacteria adhere to cells in distal segments of small intestine, inflammation and tissue diestruction, secretion and chloride ions and water (diarrhea) |
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What are the immunological aspects of campylobacteriaceae?
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cattle
active immune response in uterus and normal flora serum IgG and IgM vaccination disease can be self limiting |
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How if Campylobacteriaceae diagnosed?
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sample of prepuce, smegma
fecal sample isolation of the organisms with use of selective media biochemical |
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How do you treat campylobacteriaceae?
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topical antibiotics on prepuce
artificial insemination antibiotic treatment is unrewarding (resistance) bacterins are available and prevent the disease (cattle) can vaccinate sheep and goats before breeding enteric disease self limiting |
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What is Arcobacter?
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gram neg associated with diarrheal conditions in calves
mastitis in cattle and reproductive disease in livestock |
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What is Lawsonia?
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obligate intracellular microorganism
enteritis of swine and widely distributed in swine herds L. intracellularis is not culturable organsim |
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What is Brachyspira?
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a gram negative, spiral shaped obligate anaerobe
affects swine found in the GI tracts of pigs |
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What are cellular products of interest with Brachyspira?
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LPS with O repeats
cytotoxin/hemolysin (strong beta-hemolysis) |
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What is the Pathogenesis of Brachyspira?
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affected colon with bacteria causing inflammation
cytokines and PMNs see superficial coagulation necrosis with epithelial erosion causing edema, hyperemia hemorrhages can have asymptomatic shedders |
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What are the immunological aspects of Brachyspira?
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pigs recovered from swine dysentery and are resistant
Bacterins reduce the severity of the disease |
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How do you diagnose Brachyspira?
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fecal sample for smears
isolation media BA for 48 hours at 10% CO PCR |
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How is Brachyspira treated and controlled?
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several drugs have been effective however usage can help resistance
Metronidazole has been used in dogs |
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What is Borrelia?
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gram negative but stains better with giemsa stain
spirochets transmitted by ticks have local and generalized manifestations fastidious orgamisms |
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What are the important animal pathogens for Borrelia?
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B anserina (fowl)
B theileri (cattle) B burgdorferi (dogs, horses cattle and humans) |
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What are the cellular products of interest with Borrelia?
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cell wall (gram neg) with LPS and O repeats
hemolysin with outer surface proteins |
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What is the reservoir and transmission of Borrelia?
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ticks and other arthropods
passage via placenta, milk and urine Birds coprophagia and cannibalism |
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What is Borrelia anserina?
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bacteria that affect fowl
causing mortality in younger fowl can have transovarian transmission birds become depressed, have fever anorexia, cyanosis, diarrhea paralysis and anemia splenomegly seen Antibodies show some protection diagnose by IFA, smears, inoculation of embyonated eggs and serology can treat with antimicrobials |
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What is Borrelia theileri?
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animal borreliosis
African and Australasian cattle and occasionally horses caused by several species of ixodid ticks pathogenesis not understood and treated with tetracycline |
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What is Borrelia burgdorferi?
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lyme borreliosis
problematic may - october increased with deer population people in rural areas dissemination of infected ticks by migratory birds reservoir is deer mice, white footed dear lyme that affects humans begin as skin lesions, with neural cardiac and arthritic complication in following weeks and months pathogenesis involves endotoxin, hemolysin immune complexes and immunosuppression can cause polyarthritis in dogs and sometimes cats also isolated by urine and milk |
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How do you diagnose Borrelia?
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giemsa stain
silver stain fastidious and slow growing (culture usually unrewarding) serology IFA,ELISA Molecular - PCR |
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How can you treat and control Borrelia?
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antimicrobials
tick control humoral immune response essential for protection commercial vaccine available |
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What is Leptospira?
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spirochete that is morphologically and physiologically uniform
motile gram negative poorly stained affecting domestic animals |
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What does Leptospira cause in domestic animals?
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dog -septicemia, hepatic and renal disease
cattle -septicemia and abortion Horses abortion and uveitis Sea lions - acute septicemic infection Humans acute febrile disease |
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What are the products of cellular interest for Leptospira?
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Cell wall - lps o repeats
hemolysis - cytotoxin produced by some serovars |
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What is the reservoir and transmission of Leptospira?
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inhabit tubules of mammalian kidneys
rodents are common carriers Transmission by contact of mucus membranes or skin with urine urine contamination of water fomites or feed also in milk and genital secretions |
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What is the pathogenesis of Leptospira?
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spirochete enter the bloodstream subsequent to mucous membrane or reproductive inoculation
colonization of liver and or kidney also in muscle, eyes and meninges its important to know what serovars are in the area you practice |
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What are the immuological factors of Leptospira?
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immune mechanism under investigation
hemolytic anemia in ruminants canine chronic interstitial nephritis Equine recurrent uvieits (AB suspected) circulating IgM and IgG play a role and resistance is questionable can use artificial immunization |
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How do you diagnose Leptospira?
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by sample collection from blood, urine, milk kidney, spleen, lung, brain and eye
Wet mounts and PCR obligate aerobes that are fastidious and grow every 12 hours |
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How do you treat and control Leptospira?
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some antibiotics are effective
vaccination prevents disease |
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What is Helicobacter?
|
gastric spiral shaped microorganisms
that is gram negative microaerophilic curved spiral shaped bacteria 20-95% adult human population worldwide causing chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease in humans |
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What are the cellular products of medical interest with Helicobacter?
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flagella
adhesins cell wall pathogenicity island (type 4 secretion) Urease |
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What is the reservoir and transmission of Helicobacter?
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gastric mucus layer of a variety of mammals
transmitted by oral-oral and fecal oral routes |
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What is the pathogenesis of Helicobacter?
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virulence factors give an idea of its pathogenesis (being researched)
causes gastric pathological changes and hepatic inflammatory and necrotizing lesions |
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What is the immunological aspect of Helicobacter?
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IgA and IgG both secretory and serum Ab
useful for diagnostic purpose not protection |
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How can you diagnose Helicobacter?
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direct examination (gram stain, urease test and phase microscopy)
Isolation and ID (biopsies) isolation on specialized media in humid conditions molecular and serological diagnosis |
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How do you treat and control Helicobacter?
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triple therapy regimen
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