Backpack Literature 4Th Edition

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Verse

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A single line of poetry

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Paraphrase

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The restatement in one's own words of what one understands a poem says

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Theme

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A generally recurring subject or idea noticeable in a literary work.

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Lyric poem

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A short poem expressing the thoughts or feelings of a single speaker

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Narrative poem

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A poem that tells a story.

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Dramatic monologue

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A poem written as a speech by a character at some decisive moment

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Didactic poem

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A poem intended to teach a moral lesson

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Tone

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The mood in a literary work

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Satiric poetry

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Poetry that blends criticism with humor to convey a message.

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Persona

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A fictitious character made by the author to be the speaker in a literary work

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Irony

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A discrepancy in what is said and what is meant.

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Verbal irony

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When a speaker or writer says the opposite of what is actually meant

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Sarcasm

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Bitter irony made to hurt or mock its target

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Dramatic irony

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A situation in which larger implications of a characters words or actions are unrealized by the character but seen by the author and audience

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Cosmic irony

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The contrast between a characters position or aspiration and the treatment he or she receives at the hands of a seemingly hostile fate

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Diction

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Word choice or vocabulary

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Concrete diction

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Specific words that name or describe things

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Abstract diction

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Words that express general ideas

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Allusion

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A breif reference in a text to a person, place or thing.

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Denotation

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The literal, dictionary definition of a word

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Connotation

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An association or additional meaning to a word

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Imagery

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The collective set of images in a poem or other literary work

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Image

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A word or series of words that refers to sensory experience. Typically sight but can include smell, sound etc

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Simile

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A comparison of two things using like or as. Compares two things that don't appear alike at first but are shown to have a resembelance.

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Metaphor

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A statement that one thing is something else when it really isn't.

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Implied Metaphor

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A metaphor that uses neither connectives or to be.

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Mixed metaphor

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The combining of two or more incompatible metaphors, resulting in nonsense.

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Personification

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Giving a nonhuman entity human like characteristics.

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Apostrophe

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A direct address to someone

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Overstatement / Hyperbole

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Extreme exaggeration

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Understatement

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Deliberately describes something in a way that is less than the case.

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Rime

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Two or more words that contain an identical or similar vowel sound.

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Consonance / Slant Rime

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Linked words share similar consonant sounds but have different vowel sounds.

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Internal Rime

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Rime that occurs within a line of poetry

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End Rime

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Rime that occurs at the end of a line of poetry

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Masculine Rime

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A rime of one syllable words or a rime that stresses the final syllables

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Feminine Rime

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A rime of two or more syllables with stress on a syllable other than the last

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Stress / Accent

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An emphasis placed on a syllable in speech.

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Rhythm

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The recurring pattern of stresses and pauses in a poem.

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Prosody

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The study of metrical structures in poetry

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Scansion

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A practice used to describe rhythmic patterns in a poem via separation of metrical feet, counting the syllables, marking the accents and indicating the censuras.

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Censura

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A light but definite pause within a line of verse.

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Run on line

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A line of verse that does not end in punctuation, but carries on grammatically to the next line.

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End-stopped line

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A line of verse that ends in a full pause, denoted by a mark of punctuation.

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Form

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The way a literary work expresses content.

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Fixed form

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A traditional verse form requiring certain predetermined elements of structure

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Closed form

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Poetry writtin in a pattern of meter, rimes, lines or stanzas.

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Open form

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Verse with no scheme

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Blank verse

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Contains five iambic feet per line and is not rimed.

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Couplet

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A two line stanza in poetry, typically rimed with equal line length

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Closed couplet

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Two rimed lines of iambic pentameter that typically contain a complete thought.

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Quatrain

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A stanza of four lines

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Epic

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A long narrative poem telling the adventures of a popular hero

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Epigram

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A short comedic poem

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Free verse

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Lines that do not follow consistent meter

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Symbol

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A person, place or thing in a narrative that suggests meaning beyond its literal sense.

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Allegory

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A narrative description in which the literal events consistently point to parallel sequences of ideas, values etc.

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Symbolic act

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An action whose significance goes well beyond its literal meaning.

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Conventional symboles

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Symbols that have attained a standard significance due to frequent use.