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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Axial
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Skull vertebrate ribs sternum
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Appendicular
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Limb Girdles and free limbs
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Limb Girdles - name 2
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Pelvic and Pectoral
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Cancelous Bone -
Made up of- Makes - |
spongy bone -inner layer
tribecula bone marrow |
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Compact bone-
Surrounded by- |
stronger outer layer
Periostem |
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Periosteum
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a covering of all bones except at the joints of long bones
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bone
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connective tissue
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2 basic structures of vertebrae
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neural arch and vertebral body
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function of neural arch
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to support and protect the spinal cord
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vertebral body
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to support the body upright
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what makes up the nerual arch
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pedicle and lamina
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vertebral body is made of?
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the body of the vertebra
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Pedicle purpose
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to connect the vertebra body to the lamina
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Intervertebral Foramen -
Formed? |
-where the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column
when superior vertebral notch and inferior vertebral notch from two different vertebra come together |
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Where is the spinal cord found?
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In the vertebral foramen
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Pedical + lamina =
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transverse process
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lamina + lamina =
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spinous process
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Costa region of transverse process becomes what in the 4 different sections of vertebra
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1. cervical - fuses to create transverse process
2. thoracic- makes ribs 3. lumbar- fuses 4. sacral- fuses |
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When transvere and costal don't fuse what happens?
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You would have an extra rib
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What makes up the intervertebral disc?
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anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
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Purpose of intervertebral disc
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gives us the curve of the back, shock absorbers, and movement of vertebral column
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What leaks in herniated discs?
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nucleus pulposus
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Where is the intervertebral disc?
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In between 2 vertebral discs
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Intervertebral Disc Layers
Inner - Outer - |
Inner= Nucleus Pulposus
Outer= Anulus Fibrosus |
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If a herniated disc occurs where would it occur?
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Where the posterior longitudinal ligament and anterior longitudinal ligament gap
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What is the ruminate of notocord?
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the nucleus pulposus
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What surrounds the vertebra and intervertebral discs?
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the anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament
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What does the supraspinous ligament run along?
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the spinous processes
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Interspinous ligament is found where?
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In between the spinous processes
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What replaces the supraspinous ligament in cervical region?
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ligamentum nuchae
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Where does ligamentum nuchae start and in
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from external occipital protuberance to C7
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Function of ligamentum nuchae
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to support the weight of the head and replaces the supraspinaous ligament
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Ligamentum flavum- found where?
Purpose? |
connects two adjacent laminas
to assist in elastic recoil to come back to standing position |
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Name the 6 vertebral ligaments
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1. anterior longitudinal ligament
2. posterior longitudinal ligament 3. interspinous ligament 4. supraspinous ligament 5. ligamentum nuchae 6. ligamentum flavum |
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Name the 3 types of joints
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fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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Examples of fibrous joints in vertebral column
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syndesmosis --interspinous ligament and ligamentum flavum
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Joints found in the spine
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the syndesmosis, symphysis (found in midline) and synovial
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synovial joint
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greatest amount of movement
external fibrous capusle within a synovial joint filled with synovial fluid |
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Name types of fibrous joints
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suture in the skull, gomphosis in the teeth and jaw, and syndesmosis in the vertebral column
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Name the types of cartilaginous
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synchodrosis (growth plate) and symphysis (midline of body)
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Where do synovial joints occur in back?
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between the superior articular process and inferior articular process
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Name the regions of the vertebral column
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cervical thoracic lumbar sacral and coccygeal
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Name the number of vertebra within each section of the vertebral column
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cervical 7
thoracic 12 lumbar 5 sacral 5 coccygeal 4 |
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Name layers of a synovial joint from outer to inner
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fibrous capsule, synovial capsule, articular cartilage, joint space
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How many total vertebra
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33 total
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how many total spinal nerve pairs?
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31
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Cerivcal Vertebrae - goes from__
Characteristics |
C1-C7
smallest, bifid spinous process (2 point things on spinal process), foramen transversarium (holes on the side) |
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How is Atlas specialized?
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no spinous process, no vertebral body
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Another name for C1
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Atlas
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What do all cervical vertebra have in common?
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small and transverse foramen
atlas-doesnt have bifid spinous process |
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Another name for C2
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Axis
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Where does the dens on C2 come from/
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It comes the vetebral body that C1 was suppose to have
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Name of the joint that connects the occipital condyles and atlas?
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atlanto-occipital joint
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joint that connects the axis and atlas
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atlanto-axial
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Characteristic of thoracic vertebrae
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costal facets (for the ribs), long inferiorly directed spinous process, larger vertebral body
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Characteristics of lumbar
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larger, very rectangular spineous process, no costal facets
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Characteristics of sacral
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present at birth but fuse in 20s, articulates with pelvic girdle, no spinal nerves exiting, give stability,
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Characteristics of coccygeal
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coccygeal horn, fuse, tail bone, vestigial
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Name the primary curves of vertebral column
What is the shape of the 1 curve? |
thoracic and sacral which develop before birth
Anteriorly C shape |
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Name the secondary curves of vertebral column
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Cervical and Lumbar
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Scoliosis-
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curve to the back, idiopathic (cause is unknown), causes a rib hump, uneven shoulders and hips, will keep head in midline by creating a secondary to offset the primary curve
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Kyphosis-
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abnormal anterior bending -cervical and thoracic outward curve of spine -- older people
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Lordosis-
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abnormal posterior bending - inward curve of spine -either lumbar or sacral - pregnant women
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Name the groups of muscles of the back
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1. superficial (extrinsic)
2. intermediate (extriensic) 3. deep (extriensic) |
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What are the superficial muscles of the back innervated by?
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Primary vertrical rami except the trapezius (
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What is the purpose of the deep intrinsic muscles?
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to control posture, attach to the ribs and vertebra column
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Name the superficial muscles of the back
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1. Trapezius
2. latissimus dorsi 3. rhomboideus major 4. rhomboideus minor 5. levator scapulae |
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What is the purpose of the superficial muscles of the back
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to control the position of the upper limb
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What in the trapezius innervated by?
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the accessory nerve - or cranial nerve 11
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How many pairs of cranial nerves?
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12 pairs
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What are the intermediate muscles of the back innervated by?
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ventral primary rami
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What are deep back innervated by?
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dorsal primary rami
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What are the true muscles of the back?
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the deep muscles
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What muscles are accessory muscles of respiration?
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the intermediate
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What are the true muscles and their purpose?
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the deep muscles to control posture and attach ribs, verterbra column
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Where are most the superficial muscles innervated by?
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the bracial plexus -- ventral primary rami
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What is the major action of the trapezius?
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elevates and depresses the scapula (depending on which part of the muscle contracts); rotates the scapula superiorly; retracts scapula
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Major action of the latissimus dorsi?
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extends the arm and rotates the humerus
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Major action of the rhomboideus major?
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retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula which depresses the glenoid fossa
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Major action of the rhomboideus minor
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retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula which depresses the glenoid fossa
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Major action of the levator scapulae
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elevate the scapula
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What are the intermediate muscles of the back?
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the serrratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior
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What are the major actions of the serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior?
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to assist in respiration and connect vertebral column to the ribs
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