Back And Spinal Cord Objectives

Front 1

anatomical position

Back 1

ensures that descriptions are not ambiguous

Front 2

flexion

Back 2

bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body, movement in anterior direction except at knee

Front 3

dorsiflexion

Back 3

flexion at the ankle joint

Front 4

extension

Back 4

straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body, movement in posterior direction excpt at knee

Front 5

abduction

Back 5

moving away from the median plane in the frontal plane

Front 6

adduction

Back 6

moving toward the median plane in a frontal plane

Front 7

circumduction

Back 7

a cuircular movement that is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in such a way that the distal end of the part moves in a circle

Front 8

rotation

Back 8

turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis

Front 9

pronation

Back 9

the rotational movement of the forearm and hand that swings the radius medially around its longitudinal axis so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and dorsmum faces anteriorly

Front 10

supination

Back 10

rotational movement of the forearm and hand that swings the radius laterally round its longitudinal axis so that the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and the palm faces anteriorly

Front 11

opposition

Back 11

the movement by which the pad of the thumb is brought to another digit pad

Front 12

reposition

Back 12

describes the movement of the thumb from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position

Front 13

protrusion (protraction)

Back 13

movement anteriorly as in protruding the mandible, lips or tongue

Front 14

retrusion (retraction)

Back 14

is a movement posteriorly as in retruding the mandible, lips or tongue

Front 15

elevation

Back 15

raises or moves a part superiorly

Front 16

depression

Back 16

lowers or moves a part inferiorly

Front 17

eversion

Back 17

moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane

Front 18

inversion

Back 18

moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane

Front 19

synovial joint

Back 19

united by a joint capsule (composed of an outer fibrous layer spaning and enclosing an articular cavity, articular cavity is a potential space that contains lubricating synovial fluid

ex: knee

Front 20

fibrous joint

Back 20

united by fibrous tissue

-syndesmosis type-unites the bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue (either ligament or a fibrous membrane), partially moveable (ex: ulna and radius)

-ex:sutures of the cranium

Front 21

cartilaginous joint

Back 21

united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

-synchondroses-bones are united by hyaline cartilage, which permits slight bending during early life, usually temporary (ex: found in long bones during development)

-symphyses-strong, slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage (ex: intervertebral discs)

Front 22

elastic arteries

Back 22

largest (pulmonary trunk and aorta), tunica media is dominated by elastic tissue, internal elastic membrane and external elastic membrane present, thin tunica adventitia, has vasa vasorum (small blood vessels)

Front 23

muscular arteries

Back 23

most of the named arteries, has IEM and EEM, tunica media thick, composed of 40 layers of smooth muscle, tunica adventitia has collagen

Front 24

arterioles

Back 24

smallest arteries, thin tunica media, thin tunica adventitia (same size as media)

Front 25

venules

Back 25

smallest veins, cuboidal endothelium

Front 26

medium veins

Back 26

No IEM, tunica media consists of smooth muscle, tunica adventitia has collagen and elastic fibers

Front 27

large veins

Back 27

thicker tunica intima, tunica media is absent, tunica adventitia is the thickest layer, present vasa vasorum

Front 28

plexus formation

Back 28

adjacent anterior rami merge to form plexuses in which their fibers are exchanged and redistributed, forming a new set of multisegmental peripheral nerves, the fibers of a single spinal nerve entering the plexus are distributed to multiple branches of the plexus, the peripheral nerves derived from the plexus contain fibers from multiple spinal nerves

Front 29

dorsal root ganglia

Back 29

ganglia found in the dorsal root that house the cell body of motor sensory neurons

Front 30

sympathetic ganglia

Back 30

found in the symapathetic chanin

Front 31

parasympathetic ganglia

Back 31

found close to the target, have short postganglionic and long preganglionic

Front 32

zygapophysial joints

Back 32

facilitate and control the vertebral column’s flexibility, articulation point for superior 25 vertebrae, joints of the vertebral arches/facets, plane synovial joints, innervated by articular branches that arise from the medial branches of the posterior rami, supplied by two nerves

Front 33

vertebral body

Back 33

consists of vascular, trabeular bone enclosed by a thin external layer of compact bone

Front 34

articular processes of vertebrae

Back 34

four, determine the types of movements permitted and restricted between the adjacent vertebrae, keep vertebrae aligned (keep them from slipping anteriorly

Front 35

C7 vertebrae

Back 35

has the longest spinous process, prominence at the back of the neck when flexed

Front 36

L5

Back 36

largest of all movable vertebrae

Front 37

cervical vertebrae

Back 37

7, transverse foramen present

-movement-have the greatest range and variety of movement (due to relative thickness of the discs compared to body, the nearly horizontal orientation of the articular facets, and the small amount of body mass)

Front 38

thoracic vertebrae

Back 38

12, attachment for ribs (costal facets), inferiorly directed spinous process

-movement-articular processes extend vertically with coronally oriented articular facets (permits rotation (which is greatest in this region) and some lateral flexion) while attachment of rib care, spinous processes and vertical articular facets limits flexion and extension as well as lateral flexion

Front 39

lumbar vertebrae

Back 39

5, largest body, holds largest weight,

-movement-articular processes are vertical and facets are sagittally oriented facilitates flexion and extension, but prohibits rotation

Front 40

transverse foramen

Back 40

allow for the passage of the vertebral arteries and their accompanying veins

Front 41

atlas

Back 41

C1, has no body or spinous process, paired lateral masses, widest of the vertebrae, provides increased leverage for attached muscles, no IV disc separating C1 and C2

Front 42

axis

Back 42

C2, strongest of the cervical vertebrae, allows for rotation of C1 (no), has blunt tooth-like dens, has large bifid spinous process

Front 43

IV discs

Back 43

provide strong attachments between the vertebral bodies, account for 25% of height of column, serve as shock absorbers, consists of annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus, differences in shape accounts for the curvature of the vertebral column

Front 44

annulus fibrosus

Back 44

composed of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage, form outer fibrous circumference of IV disc, vascular

Front 45

nucleus pulposus

Back 45

gelatinous central mass, semifluid responsible for flexibility and resilience of IV disc, shock absorbers of IV discs, posteriorly placed, avascular

Front 46

anterior longitudinal ligament

Back 46

covers and connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs, prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column, maintaining stability of the joints between the vertebral bodies

Front 47

posterior longitudinal ligament

Back 47

narrower and weaker than anterior, runs within the vertebral canal, bridges fat and vessels, resists hyperflexion, helps prevent posterior herniation of the nucleus pulposus, has lots of nocicpetive (pain) nerve endings

Front 48

ligamenta flava

Back 48

join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches, resist separation of the vertebral lamina by arresting abrupt flexion of the vertebral column

Front 49

range of movement of the vertebral column is limited by

Back 49

thickness, elasticity, and compressibility of the IV discs, shape and orientation of the zygapophysial joings, tension of the joint capsules of the zygapophysial joints, resistance of the back muscles and ligaments, attachment of the thoracic cage and bulk of surrounding tissue

Front 50

movement in vertebral regions

Back 50

-cervical-rotation and flexion and extension

-thoracic-rotation

-lumbar-flexion and extension

Front 51

primary curvatures of vertebrae

Back 51

thoracic and sacral curvatures, curve anteriorly, develop during the fetal period in relation to the fetal position, retained throughout life

Front 52

secondary curvatures of vertebrae

Back 52

cervical and lumbar, curve posteriorly, result from extension from the fetal position, do not become obvious until infancy, develops when a child lifts head and sits up and walks (respectively)

Front 53

innervation of vertebral column

Back 53

meningeal branches of the spinal nerves, branches that arise from the mixed spinal nerve (before the dorsal and ventral rami), supply periosteum, annuli fibrosi and anterior longitudinal ligament (pain receptors)

Front 54

medulla oblongata

Back 54

beginning structure of the spinal cord

Front 55

medullary cone

Back 55

tapering inferior end of the spinal cord, may terminate as high as T12 or as low as L3

Front 56

cervical enlargement of the spinal cord

Back 56

extends from the C4-T1 segments of the spinal cord, most of the anterior rami of the spinal nerves arising from it form the brachial plexus of nerves that innervates the upper limbs

Front 57

lumbosacral enlargement

Back 57

extends from T11 to S1, inferior to which the cord continues to diminish as the medullary cone, the anterior rami of the spinal nerves from here make up the lumbar and sacral plexus of nerves that innervate the lower limbs

Front 58

cauda equina

Back 58

loose bundle of spinal nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral enlargement and the medullary cone and coursing with the lumbar cistern of CSF caudal to the termination of the spinal cord

Front 59

spinal dura mater (characteristics and innervation)

Back 59

composed mainly of tough fibrous with some elastic tissue, outermost covering, innervated by afferent and sympathetic recurrent meningeal nerves, afferent fibers supply pain receptors involved in referred apin

Front 60

epidural space

Back 60

separate the spinal dura mater from the walls of the vertebral canal, filled with epidural fat

Front 61

spinal arachnoid mater

Back 61

delicate, avascular membrane composed of fibrous and elastic tissue, encloses CSF filled subarachnoid space containing the spinal cord

Front 62

subarachnoid space

Back 62

separate arachnoid space from pia mater, filled with CSF

Front 63

spinal pia mater

Back 63

innermost covering membrane of the spinal cord, consists of flattened cells with long, equally flattened processes that closely follow all the surface features of the spinal cord, also covers the roots of the spinal nerves and the spinal blood vessels, continues inferiorly as the terminal filum

Front 64

denticulate ligaments

Back 64

suspend spinal cord, a fibrous sheet of pia mater

Front 65

spinal cord arteries

Back 65

branches of the vertebral, ascending cervical, deep cervical, intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral arteries,

-longitudinally-anterior spinal artery and paired posterior spinal arteries, only supply the short superior part of the spinal cord

-need help from segmental medullary and radicular arteries running along the spinal nerve roots

-Anterior spinal artery doesn’t have enough flow to supply the entire length of the cord. Need segmental contributions from anterior radicular arteries to boost flow. Blockage causes a syndrome known as the anterior spinal artery syndrome

Front 66

anterior and posterior segmental medullary arteries

Back 66

derived from spinal branches, located where the need for a good bloods supply to the spinal cord is needed (the cervical and lumbosacral enlargement)

Front 67

great anterior segmental meduallary artery

Back 67

reinforces the circulation to two thirds of the spinal cord, including the lumbosacral enlargement

Front 68

posterior and anterior radicular arteries

Back 68

supply the posterior and anterior roots of the spinal nerves, small and supply only the nerve roots, assist with the supply of superficial parts of the gray matter

Front 69

veins of the spinal cord

Back 69

similar to the arteries of the spinal cord, three anterior and three posterior spinal veins, drained by up to 12 anterior and posterior medullary and radicular veins, join the internal vertebral venous plexus

Front 70

cervical joints

Back 70

are in a modified horizontal plane and allow movement in all 3 axes

Front 71

thoracic joints

Back 71

are in the frontal plane and limit flexion and extension

Front 72

lumbar joints

Back 72

are in the sagittal plane and limit rotation and lateral bending

Front 73

Spinal nerves in the cervical region

Back 73

exit above the vertebra with the same number

Front 74

Spinal nerves in the thoracic, lumbar and sacral levels

Back 74

exit below the vertebra with the same number

Front 75

Thoracolumbar fascia

Back 75

the aponeurosis is divided into three layers and attaches to or surrounds many muscles acting like a girdle for the back muscles and aiding in stabilization of the vertebral column

Front 76

Venous plexus

Back 76

allows for contribution from venous drainage and possible communication of venous drainage in spinal cord and brain