Back And Spinal Cord

Front 1

Appedicular elements (6)

Back 1

Skull, vertebrae, ribs, clavicle, scapula, coxal bone

Front 2

Number of cervical vertebrae

Back 2

7

Front 3

Number of thoracic vertebrae

Back 3

12

Front 4

Number of lumbar vertebrae

Back 4

5

Front 5

Number of sacral vertebrae

Back 5

5 (fused)

Front 6

# of coccygeal vertebrae

Back 6

4

Front 7

What protects the vertebral canal anteriorly?

Back 7

Vertebral body

Front 8

What protects the vertebral canal posteriorly?

Back 8

Spinous process

Front 9

Spinal nerves exit where?

Back 9

Intervertebral foramen

Front 10

Vertebral disc components (2)

Back 10

1. Annulus fibrosis
2. Nucleus pulposus

Front 11

What protects the spinal cord from bulging discs?

Back 11

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Front 12

Direction herniated discs usually travel

Back 12

Postolaterally

Front 13

Primary curvatures are remnants of _______

Back 13

fetal structure

Front 14

Ligaments

Back 14

Connects 2 bones or cartilages

Front 15

Tendon

Back 15

Muscle to bone

Front 16

Aponeurosis

Back 16

Takes the place of a tendon in muscles having very wide origins

Front 17

Pain associated with bulging disc (bi or unilateral)
-Why

Back 17

Unilateral
-The bulge is only pushing on one nerve or one general part of SC

Front 18

2 Primary curvatures

Back 18

1. Thoracic
2. Sacral/coccygeal

Front 19

2 Secondary Curvature

Back 19

1. Cervical
2. Lumbar

Front 20

What leads to different characteristics of vertebrae at the different levels of the vertebral column?

Back 20

Differential development

Front 21

The spinal cord ends and turns into rootlets called ________

Back 21

cauda equina

Front 22

Most identifiable structure of a cervical vertebrae

Back 22

Transverse foramen

Front 23

Vertebral artery
-Branches from:
-Travels through
-Supplies

Back 23

-Subclavian
-Forament transversarium of cervical vertebrae
-Brain stem

Front 24

2 cervical vertebrae lacking transverse foramen

Back 24

1 and 2; atlas and axis

Front 25

C1:

Back 25

Atlas

Front 26

C2

Back 26

Axis

Front 27

Spinous process of cervical vertebrae

Back 27

Bifid

Front 28

Vertebral canal size of cervical vertebrae

Back 28

Larger

Front 29

The second vertebrae you can feel

Back 29

Vertebrata prominens; C7

Front 30

1st cervical vertebrae you can feel

Back 30

C6

Front 31

Occiput articulates with:

Back 31

Atlas (C1)

Front 32

Shaking head yes motion:

Back 32

C1+skull

Front 33

Shaking head no motion:

Back 33

C1+Axis

Front 34

C2 Process sticking up to function as body of C1

Back 34

Dens

Front 35

Transverse ligament of the atlas function

Back 35

Hold the dens in place

Front 36

Result of ruptured transverse ligament

Back 36

Allows dens to or C1 to slip forward and crush the spinal cord

Front 37

X ray position to view the dens

Back 37

Open mouth

Front 38

Dens fits into the _________ part of the atlas

Back 38

Ventral arch

Front 39

What makes it difficult to palpate the spines of cervical vertebrae

Back 39

Ligamentum nuchae

Front 40

Traveling through the holes in atlanto occipital membrane and atlantoaxial membrane:

Back 40

Vertebral a.

Front 41

Artery crossing the dorsal arch of the atlas

Back 41

Vertbral

Front 42

Tectoral membrane

Back 42

Rostral continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament

Front 43

One consistent feature of thoracic vertebrae

Back 43

Facet for articulation of ribs

Front 44

Ribs articulate with the which corresponding thoracic vertebrae?

Back 44

Same number

Front 45

Typical thoracic vertebrae:

Back 45

Middle 4

Front 46

Atypical thoracic vertebrae:
-Why

Back 46

Bottom 4
-Look like lumbar

Front 47

Tubercle of rib articulates with ____ of thoracic vertebrae

Back 47

transverse process

Front 48

Head of rib articulates with _____ of thoracic vertebrae

Back 48

Costal articular facet on the vertebral body

Front 49

Spine of thoracic vertebrae

Back 49

Downward pointed

Front 50

Mammillary process found on ______ vertebrae

Back 50

Lumbar

Front 51

Vertebrae with flat and straight spinous process

Back 51

Lumbar

Front 52

Movement of lumbar vertebrae (2)

Back 52

1. Left/right twisting
2. Lateral flexion

Front 53

Movement of cervical vertebrae
(4)

Back 53

1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Limited rotation
4. Lateral bending (abduction)

Front 54

Posterior and anterior elements of a vertebrae should look ______ in X rays

Back 54

Alined

Front 55

Lordosis

Back 55

excessive inward curvature of the spine (lumbar)

Front 56

Vertebrae exhibiting lordosis

Back 56

Cervical, lumbar

Front 57

Cervical Strain

Back 57

Associated with loss of cervical lordosis

Front 58

-Kyphosis
-Associated with:

Back 58

Exaggerated thoracic curvature, usually associated with age and osteoporosis

Front 59

Scoliosis

Back 59

Lateral curvature of spine

Front 60

-Spina bifida
--Signature sign

Back 60

-Failure of fusion of the vertebral arches associated maternal folic acid deficiency
--Tuft of hair on back lumbar region

Front 61

Compression fractures of vertebrae caused by

Back 61

osteoporosis

Front 62

Spondylosthesis

Back 62

Subluxation of vertebrae anteriorly

Front 63

Subluxation

Back 63

a partial dislocation/misalignment /slippage

Front 64

Osteopenia

Back 64

Thinning, making smaller

Front 65

Osteoporosis

Back 65

So thin that it leads to abnormal fractures

Front 66

Ligamentum flavum
-Structure/color
-Function
-Location
-Best seen:

Back 66

-Yellow, contains large amounts of elastic fibers --Connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae
-From C2 to S1, posterior vertebral canal
-Interior of the vertebral canal

Front 67

Venous drainage and lymphatics of spine provide pathway for:

Back 67

-Infection
-Metastasi

Front 68

How does cancer get into vertebrae?

Back 68

Venous drainage/lymph system

Front 69

General function of superficial back muscles

Back 69

Extremity muscles

Front 70

General function of middle back muscles

Back 70

Respiratory

Front 71

General function of deep back muscles

Back 71

True back muscles

Front 72

Muscles are often named for (FLS)

Back 72

Function
Location
Shape

Front 73

Origin is more ______, insertion more _______

Back 73

Stable; moveable

Front 74

True back muscles are those innervated by _____

Back 74

DPR

Front 75

Function of true back muscles

Back 75

Hold vertebral column stead

Front 76

Deep muscles usually _____, superficial _______

Back 76

Shorter, longer

Front 77

Transversospinalis Semispinalis spans ___ vertebrae

Back 77

4-5

Front 78

Transversospinalis Multifidi span ___ vertebrae

Back 78

3-4

Front 79

Transversospinalis Rotatores Longus span ___ vertebrae; brevus span ____

Back 79

2; 1

Front 80

Splenius means:

Back 80

bandage

Front 81

largest extensor of the neck

Back 81

Semispinalis capitis

Front 82

Suboccipital triangle is deep to the _____ muscle

Back 82

Semispinalis capitis

Front 83

Boundaries of suboccipital triangle
1. Inferior
2. Lateral
3. Medial
-Floor
-Roof

Back 83

1. Obliquus capitis inferior
2. Obliquus capitis superior
3. Rectus capitus posterior major
-Floor: Posterior arch of atlas and atlantooccipital membrae
-Roof:Semispinalis capitis

Front 84

Muscles that acton on atlas and axis function to:

Back 84

Move the head

Front 85

Myotome

Back 85

All muscle fibers innervated by a single spinal nerve

Front 86

Dermatome

Back 86

All dermis innervated by a single spinal nerve

Front 87

Deep (True) Back muscles innervated by ____ primary rami

Back 87

Dorsal primary rami

Front 88

Muscles of the body wall and extremities are innervated by _____ primary rami

Back 88

Ventral primary rami

Front 89

Top of skull dermatome

Back 89

C2

Front 90

Neck dermatome

Back 90

C3-C4

Front 91

Shoulder and lateral arm dermatome

Back 91

C5

Front 92

Lateral forearm and middle digit dermatome

Back 92

C6

Front 93

Index and middle digit dermatome

Back 93

C7

Front 94

Medial hand/forearm dermatome

Back 94

C8

Front 95

Medial arm/axilla dermatome

Back 95

T1

Front 96

Heart pain refers to the shoulder because of ____ nerve, which arises from ____ and has fibers to pericardium

Back 96

phrenic; C4-5

Front 97

Dorsal roots sensory or motor?

Back 97

Sensory

Front 98

Ventral roots sensory or motor?

Back 98

Motor

Front 99

The spinal cord is held in the dural sheath by ______

Back 99

Denticular ligament

Front 100

Layers and spaces of spinal cord superficial to deep

Back 100

1. Epidural space
2. Dura mater
3. Subdural space
4. Arachnoid mater
5. Subarachnoid space
6. Pia mater

Front 101

Internal vertebral plexus lies in _____

Back 101

Epidural space

Front 102

The spinal cord is the thickest in _____ regions
-Why

Back 102

Cervical and lumbar
-innervation of upper limbs and lower limbs

Front 103

White matter is thicker in ____ regions

Back 103

Cervical and thoracic

Front 104

Grey matter is thicker where:

Back 104

Extremities are innervated

Front 105

Cerebrospinal fluid found in:

Back 105

Subarachnoid space

Front 106

Why are vertebral canal and spinal cord different lengths?

Back 106

In the embryo – the spinal cord fills the vertebral canal, with differential growth, the spinal cord ends at L2

Front 107

Cistern

Back 107

larger volume (accumulation) of cerebrospinal fluid

Front 108

Lumbar puncture occurs between:

Back 108

Vertebral spines

Front 109

Cauda Equina
-Made of
-Surrounds
-Located within; below

Back 109

-orsal and ventral roots of lumbar and sacral nerves that
-Surround the filum terminale
-Subarachnoid space below conus medullaris

Front 110

Filum terminale
-Structure
-Begins at
-Ends at

Back 110

-Prolongation of the pia mater from the tip (conus medullaris) of spinal cord at level of L2
-S2

Front 111

Why cauda equina isn't damaged in spinal tap

Back 111

It is free to float in cerebrospinal fluid

Front 112

Tethered cord

Back 112

Filum terminale gets stuck, vertebrae grows and pulls on SC

Front 113

Pia mater
-Location
-Vascularity

Back 113

-innermost layer
-Vascular

Front 114

Denticulate ligaments

Back 114

Lateral extensions of the pia mater, between dorsal and ventral roots of spain nerves

Front 115

Arachnoid mater

Back 115

Intermediate later

Front 116

Subarachnoid space contains

Back 116

CSF

Front 117

Subarachnoid spaced ends at what level?

Back 117

S2

Front 118

Lumbar cistern

Back 118

Enlarged subarachnoid space between L1 & S2

Front 119

Dura mater

Back 119

Tough outermost layer of SC

Front 120

Subdural space
-Location
-Extends to

Back 120

-Between dura and arachnoid
-S2

Front 121

Epidural space contains

Back 121

Internal vertebral venous plexus & epidural fat

Front 122

Cauda equina
-Formed by
-Surrounds
-Located within___ & below ___

Back 122

-Dorsal and ventral roots of L & S SN
-Filum terminale
-Subarachnoid space; conus medularis

Front 123

Dura extends to

Back 123

Coccyx