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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vertebral column
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-33-34 vertebrae
-7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4-5 coccygeal - Has intervertebral disks (fibrocartilage) which absorb shock, removes friction, and facilitate movement |
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Lordotic curve (Lordosis)
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Inward curve; sway back, saddle back, hollow back
if excessive, can cause problems |
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Kyphotic curve (kyphosis)
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C- curve; Fetal position
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Scoliosis
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S-curvature; out to side
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Contents of vertebral canal
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Spinal cord, blood vessels, meninges, CSF
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Vertebral Prominens
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7th (and last) cervical vertebrae
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Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae
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1. Transverse foramen
2. bifed spinous process 3. small body 4. large, triangular vertebral canal |
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Contents of transverse foramen
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vertebral artery (pass through transverse foramen of upper 6 cervical vertebrae entering skull through foramen magnum
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Atlas (C1): Characteristics
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1. no spinous process
2. no body 3. small anterior arch& larger posterior arch 4. Anterior tubercle, Posterior tubercle, Large vertebral foramen, 2 lateral masses. 5. Each mass has a superior and an inferior articular facet. 6. Atlanto-occipital joint (between atlas and occipital bone) |
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Axis (C2): Characteristics
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Has an Odontoid process (dens) with an anterior articular facet to articulate with atlas, and a posterior articular facet for transverse ligament of atlas.
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Hangman Fracture
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the arch of axis pushes the dens posteriorly and compresses the brain stem, leading to death.
*Fracture of the dens is a typical fracture of C2. |
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Cervical rib
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1. Mass in bottom of neck from cervival rib, can press on artery; brachial
2. C8 and T1 can be compressed on medial side (ulnar side) pain; compromise blood supply 3. If any compression, can cause weakness or sensory problems Cardiac pain is a good example of blocked blood causing pain in an area (chest); infarction means tissue died because no blood supply 3. Skemia pain (bloodless pain) low blood supply to tissue causes pain |
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Thoracic Vertebrae: Characteristics
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12 in total
2 articulating facets on lateral side Spinous process long and slopes (Giraffe) |
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Lumbar Vertebrae: Characteristics
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5 in total
Large, kidney shaped body Small vertebral foramen Long transverse process (moose) |
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Intervertebral disks
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Fibrocartilage tissue
Anulus Fibrosus shock absorber, allows movement 20% (1/5) length of column which compresses during the day |
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Herniation
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Mostly posterolaterally where the Anulus Fibrosus is thinner
If goes inward, dangerous because compresses spinal cord On x-ray, see normal disc, then darker area where fluid escaped and pushing outward |
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Ligamentum Flavum
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An important ligament of vertebral column; yellowish in color due to elastic fibers
Facilitates movement |
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Location of epidural anesthesia
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Sacral hiatus
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Spina Bifida
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Birth defect; incomplete development of spinal cord or it's coverings
Myelomeningocele (backbone/ spinal canal do not close--> membranes protrude from back |
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Lumbarization of S1
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S1 tries to separate from rest of sacrum
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Sacralization of L5
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L5 fuses to S1
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Trapezius Muscle
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Function: elevation, rotation, & retraction of scapula
Innervation: C3-C4 & Accessory N. (CN XI) Disfunction: not able to elevate, etc, winged scapula |
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Rhomboid Minor/ Major; Levator Scapulae
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Function: Press scapula to thoracic wall; elevates scapula
Innervation: C4-C5 (dorsal scapular nerves) Dysfunction: Unable to lower scapula--> winged scapula |
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Lattisimus Dorsi
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Coughing muscle
Function: elevates body when climbing, arm adduction and lowering medial rotation, extension of humerus Innervation: C6, C7, C8 |
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Serratus Superior/ Inferior
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Function: Respiration (Expiration)
Innervation: T1-4, T9-12 Accessory in breathing; COPD |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
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Problem with expiration; does not expire well, builds up CO2 in blood
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Intrinsic muscles: Lateral group
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HYBRID MUSCLES
Includes iliocostalis, lumborum, longissimus, capitis, cervicus, etc Innervation: dorsal rami Function: erect posture, speni= rotate head; extensors when both sides contract, flexors when one side contracts |
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Intrinsic muscles: Medial group
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interspinalis, intertransverse muscles, semispinalis muscles, etc
Innervation: dorsal rami Function: Extensor when both sides contract, flexors when one side contracts; some stabilize and some rotate vertebral column |
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Sub occipital triangle
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1. rectus capitis post. Major
2. Oblique capitis superior 3. Oblique capitis inferior |
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Contents/ Function of suboccipital triangle
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A- 3rd part of vertebral artery
B- Suboccipital nerve (C1) innervating all 3 muscles C- Suboccipital plexus of veins Function: turning the head backward or laterally. |
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Vertebrobasilar syndrome
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Beauty parlor symptom; leaning head back and blocking blood flow to brain; right internal carotid artery
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