Back 1

Front 1

Vertebral Composition of Column

Back 1

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5) (fused to make sacrum)
Coccygeal (4) (3-4 fused to make coccyx)

Front 2

Vertebrae involved in motion

Back 2

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)

Front 3

Functions of the Vertebral Column

Back 3

-Support body weight
-Posture, locomotion
-Partially rigid but flexible axis
-Protect spinal cord/nerves

Front 4

General Spinal Cord Features

Back 4

31 pairs of spinal nerves:
-8 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-1 coccygeal

Front 5

Spinal nerve components

Back 5

-Ventral root: motor (efferent) nerve fibers (axons) from spinal cord
-Dorsal root: sensory (afferent) nerve fibers (axons) toward the spinal cord. Cell bodies are in dorsal root ganglion!

Both roots combine to make spinal nerve.

Front 6

Division of Spinal Nerve AWAY from Cord

Back 6

-Dorsal ramus: conveys nerves that innervate true back muscles, synovial joints of vertebral column and overlying skin.

-Ventral ramus: conveys nerves that innervate all extremities and torso

Front 7

Curvatures of the spine

Back 7

1) Cervical (secondary)
2) Thoracic (primary)
3) Lumbar (secondary)
4) Sacral (primary)

Primary is like in embryo.

It's too cloudy: I TS 2 CL !!

Primary arise form difference in height between anterior and posterior part of vertebrae.

Secondary becomes obvious during infancy. Cervical when they hold their heads up, lombar when they start to walk. Arise in difference in height between anterior and posterior IV DISKS.

Front 8

Abnormal Spine Shapes

Back 8

-Kyphosis: old people, thoracic arching
-Lordosis: pregnant people, lombar arching
-Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature/rotation. Results from limb length inequalities.

Front 9

Vertebral Structure: 3 main features

Back 9

Body: weight bearing surface
Arch: Protects the spinal cord/nerves
Seven processes: for muscular attachment and facet joints

Front 10

Pedicles/Lamina

Back 10

Form the vertebral arch. Pedicles connect body to lamina, which are face from which processes protrude.

Front 11

Processes of Vertebra

Back 11

Two transverse processes that project posterolaterally from junction of pedicles laminae.

Four articular processes: two superior and two inferior

Each articular process has corresponding facet (joint facet). They restrict movement and prevent slippage of stacked vertebra.

Front 12

Notches of vertebra

Back 12

-Vertebral notches: indentations above and below each pedicle. Create the intervertebral foramina, through which nerves and accompanying vessels from cord pass.

Front 13

Joints of the Vertebral Column

Back 13

Joints of the verterbral bodies are just IV disks. Weight bearing, strong. Outer region is anulus fibrosis, concentric layers of cartilage. Inside is nucleus pulposus, shock absorption, inner cushioned region.

Joints of the processes (superior and inferior articular) form zygapophysial joints (=facet joints). Synovial joint. Cause gliding, become painful in arthritis. Spurs infringe on spinal nerve

Front 14

Range of Motion of the Spine

Back 14

Limited by:
- Tension of joint capsule of zygopophysial joint
- IV disk characteristics
- Resistance of surrounding muscles and ligaments
- SHAPE AND ORIENTATION OF ZYGAPOPHYSIAL JOINTS (goes from sloped to vertical to wrapped)

Front 15

Where do spinal movements happen?

Back 15

-Flexion and extension happen in cervical and lumbar regions
-Lateral bending happens in cervical and lumbal regions
-Rotation/torsion happen in cervical and thoracic regions.

So cervical is most important for motion!

Front 16

Ligaments of the Vertebral Column (6)

Back 16

1) Anterior longitudinal ligament unites anterior surfaces of the verterbral bodies. Prevents hyperextension.

2) Posterior longitudinal ligament protects posterior bodies of vertebrae. INSIDE THE CANAL!!!

3) Supraspinous ligament: connects the spinous processes from the sacrum to C7. After that it extends to ligamentum nuchae.

4) Ligamentum nuchae is broad strong median ligament of the neck, provides muscle attachment point.

5) Interspinous ligaments adjoin adjacent spinous ligaments

6) Ligamentum flavum are yellow elastic fibers that adjoin the lamina of verterbra, prevent hyperextension.

Front 17

Whiplash

Back 17

Can tear the anterior longitudinal ligament, and also result in compression fractures of the vertebrae, putting the cord at risk.

Front 18

Superficial Muscles of the Back (4)

Back 18

Extrinsic muscles (produce and control limb movement).

1) Trapezius
2) Rhomboids (under trapezius)
3) Levator scapulae
4) Latissimus dorsi (extends to arm)

Front 19

Intermediate Muscles of the back (2)

Back 19

Extrinsic muscles that aid in respiratory control.

1) Serratus posterior superior
2) Serratus posterior inferior

Front 20

Deep/Intrinsic Muscles of the Back: Three deep layers

Back 20

1) Superficial intrinsic layer: splenius muscles in cervical region

2) Intermediate intrinsic layer: erector spinae complex

3) Deep intrinsic layer: transversospinalis muscle group

Front 21

Latissimus Dorsi

Back 21

Large muscle in lower back (actually an upper extremity muscle - humerus!)

Origin: spinous process of lower 6 T vertebrae + thoracolumbar fascia + iliac crest

Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus.

Action: extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus.

Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve (C6, 7, 8, hands around your date)

Front 22

Thoracolumbar Fascia

Back 22

-Shiny white fibers, easy to identify
-Anterior, middle and posterior layers.
-Helps compartmentalize back and posterior abdominal wall

Front 23

Trapezius Muscle

Back 23

Large trapezoid shaped muscle in upper back.

Origin: Superior nuchal line. Spinous processes C7-T12.

Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula.

Action: Elevates, rotates and retracts the scapula. Shrug your shoulders!

Innervation: motor through spinal accessory nerve (Cranial nerve XI). Sensory innervation through C3-C4.

Front 24

Splenius

Back 24

Superficial intrinsic back muscle.

Splenius capitis and cervicis. Thick and flat, hold the deeper muscles like bandage.

Action: Acting together they extend the neck, acting alone they rotate the head ipsolaterally (right side turns head right).

Innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerve (all true back muscles are).

Cover the suboccipital triangle.

Front 25

Erector Spinae Complex

Back 25

Three parts:
1) Iliocostalis (furthest from spine)
2) Longissimus
3) Spinalis

I like standing mnemonic (help in posture)

Innervated by dorsal rami.

Produce extension of the spine. Acting unilaterally produce lateral flexion. Acting together extend spine (crouch down).

Front 26

Transversospinalis Muscle Group

Back 26

Three segments. They course from transverse process tp spinous process.
1) Semispinalis
2) Multifidus
3) Rotatores (deepest)

Important for posture, rotation, proprioception.

Innervated by dorsal ramus!