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194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Nocardia
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Gram +, branching rods
Aerobic Slow growing Star-shaped colonies |
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Important species of Nocardia
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N. asteroides
N. brasiliensis N. otitidis-caviarum |
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Sources of Nocardia
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normally present in soil
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Transmission of Nocardia
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Wound contamination
Inhalation Ingestion Fomites |
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Virulence factors of Nocardia
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Thick peptidoglycan layer
Mycolic acid, nocardial lipid & superoxide dismutase production |
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Clinical signs of Nocardial infection in dogs/cats
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Pyogranuloma w/ draining tract
pyrexia coughing emaciation |
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Lesions caused by Nocardial infection in dogs/cats
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Necrotizing pneumonia
pleural effusion pyothorax osteomyelitis encephalitis |
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Clinical signs of Nocardial infections in Bo/Sw
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Masitis
Abortion |
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Lesions of Nocardial infection in Bo/Sw
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Purulent granulomas
nodules, non-encapsulated |
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Immunity against Nocardia
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CMI most important
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Diagnosis of Nocardia infection
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I&I
Gram, modified Ziehl-neelsen stain |
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Rule outs of Nocardial infection
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Actinomycosis
blastomycosis |
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Treatment of Nocardial infections
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Sulfonamides
Ampicillin Cull animals w/ nocardial mastitis , b/c no effective treatment Penicillin doesn't work |
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Characteristics of Dermatophilus
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Gram + filamentous rods
forms zoospores commensal/obligate skin parasite |
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Zoospore formation by Dermatophilus
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Occurs when infected skin becomes wet, CO2 tension increases. Motile zoospores penetrate deeper into skin
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Transmission of Dermatophilus
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Direct contact
insects fomites |
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Cycle of dermatophilus lesions
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infection causes inflammation & serous exudate, new layers of epidermis form & cycle restarts.
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Important species of Dermatophilus
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D. congolensis
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Diseases in LA caused by Dermatophilus
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Cutaneous streptothricosis
exudative dermatitis (rain rot/scald) |
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Diseases in sheep caused by Dermatophilus
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Strawberry foot
Proliferative dermatitis lumpy wool disease |
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Immunity against Dermatophilus
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Humoral & CMI both involved
No vaccines available Delayed hypersensitivity seen |
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Lesions caused by Dermatophilus infection
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Paintbrush lesions
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Diagnosis of Dermatophilus infection
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Smear & gram stain of scab
-Railroad tract appearance I&I, incubation in candle jar=lower CO2 tension |
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Treatment of Dermatophilus infection
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Remove scabs-treat locally w/iodine/copper sulfate
Penicillin & streptomycin in 1, large dose |
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Prevention of Dermatophilus infection
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provide housing out of the rain & away from thorns
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Characteristics of Rhodococcus
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Gram + coccobacillus
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Sources of Rhodococcus
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Normally in soil
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Important species of Rhodococcus
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R. equi
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Species affected by Rhodococcus
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horses, pigs, cattle
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Resistance of Rhodococcus
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resistant to oxalic acid & H2SO4
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Transmission of R equi
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inhalation
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Diseases caused by R equi
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Bronchopneumonia & colitis in foals 2-6 months old
60-80% mortality rate |
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lesions of R equi in foals
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purulent, bilateral bronchopneumonia
Lymphadenitis (in mesenteric nodes Ulcerative enteritis |
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Virulence attributes of R equi
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Thick polysaccharide capsule
Facultative intracellular parasite Pili (for colonization) Plasmid that produces VapA-virulence associated protein |
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VapA
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virulence factor produced by large plasmid of R equi
only expressed @ lower body temperature of foals |
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Immunity against R equi
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CMI most important (intracellular parasites)
Antibodies (from colostrum) are protective |
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Diagnosis of R equi infection
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I&I
History & signs |
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Rule outs for R equi diagnosis
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Strangles (S. equi)
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Treatment of R equi infection
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Antimicrobial therapy indicated by antibiogram, for 3-4 weeks
(erythromycin & rifampin, often best, gentamicin or erythromycin may also work) |
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Characteristics of Mycobacterium
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Gram + bacillus
aerobic non-motile very slow growth in culture |
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Resistance of Mycobacterium
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resistant to many disinfectants: NaOH & HCL
suseptible to phenolics |
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Virulence factors of Mycobacterium
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Can survive & replicate in macrophages
Cord factor Sulfatides Superoxide dismutase Mycobactins & exochalins Sulfolipids |
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Role of cord factor in Mycobacterium virulence
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inhibits chemotaxis
leukotoxic |
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Role of sulfatides in Mycobacterium virulence
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(glycolipids)
MAY inhibit phagolysozome formation |
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Role of mycobactins & exochalins in Mycobacterium virulence
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effective in iron acquisition
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Role of sulfolipids in Mycobacterium virulence
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prevent phagolysosomal fusion
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Immunity against Mycobacterium
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CMI most important
circulating antibodies-don't protect, but may help bacteria indentify host |
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Factors predisposing to Mycobacterium infection
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Stress
crowding genetics |
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Source of Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium) infection
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via inhalation
ingestion wound infection congenitally:rare |
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Diseases caused by Mycobacterium
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Tuberculosis
Johne's Disease |
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Cause of Johne's Disease
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Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
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Control of mycobacterium
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test & slaughter
disinfect premises -Cresylic compounds -Orthophenylphenate |
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Species that get Johne's Disease
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Cattle
Sheep Goats Llamas Usually affects younger animals 2-3yo |
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Transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
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ingestion of contaminated feed/water
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Characteristics of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
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exist around the world
can survive months in soil (both acidic & alkali) Very long incubation period (years) |
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Lesions of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
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Thickened/sclerotic intestinal wall
Associated lympn node enlargement |
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Clinical signs of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
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Unthriftiness/emaciation
Chronic, persistent diarrhea Muscle atrophy |
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Diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
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history & signs
acid-fast stain of fecal smear Rectal scraping/biopsy large clumps of intracellular bacilli I&I DNA probes |
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Immunity against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
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CMI more important (intracellular) than humoral
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Control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
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Test & slaughter
Adults (possible carriers) to slaughter only replacements from Johne's free farms AI from Johne's negative bulls |
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Characteristics of Brucella
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Gram negative coccobacillus
Aerobic Facultative intracellular parasite |
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Important species of Brucella
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B. abortus
B. canis B. melitensis B. suis B. ovis |
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Brucella species affecting Cattle
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B. abortus
-B. melitensis -B. suis |
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Brucella species affecting horses
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B. abortus
-B. suis |
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Brucella species affecting dogs
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B. canis
-B. abortus -B. melitinsis -B. suis |
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Brucella species affecting sheep & goats
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B. melitensis
(B. ovis also in sheep) -B. abortus |
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Transmission of B. abortus
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Ingestion
Venereal Intramammary/congenital |
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Pathogenesis of B. abortus
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Once bacteria penetrate mucus membranes, they are engulfed by phagocytes, reproduce & leave, causing bacteremia-disseminate throughout the body
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Diseases caused by B. abortus
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Abortion, usually only occurs in first pregnancy after infection
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Signs of B. abortus
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Thickened placenta (causing retention)
edematous fetus (blood tinged fluid in body cavities) |
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Immunity against B. abortus
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CMI most important
Humoral doesn't do much |
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Diagnosis of B. abortus infection
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Agglutination test-IgM & IgG
Card/Rose Bengal test Rivanol/mercaptoethanol test ELISA test Fluorescence polarization assay |
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Agglutination test for B. abortus infection
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test for IgM & IgG for screening purposes only
affected by vaccination, ongoing infection |
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Card/Rose Bengal test for B. abortus infection
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Test for IgM
Fast & very sensitive few false negatives |
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Rivanol/mercaptoethanol tests for B. abortus infection
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Prescribed test for international trade
Can distinguish between vaccine and infection |
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ELISA test for B. abortus infection
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Test for international trade
Very sensitive & specific |
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Fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) for B. abortus infection
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Easy & sensitive, can be used in the field
stain 50kD antigens & read with polarization analyzer has to be calibrated with USDA |
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Vaccinations for B. abortus
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RB51
Strain 19 McEwen 45/20 |
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RB51
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Attenuated live virus
(no LPS) must vaccinate 4-12 months old provides 85-90% protection easy to differentiate from infective strains |
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Strain 19
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Viable smooth strain
still mildly pathogenic, can also cause abortions must vaccinate 4-12 months old provides 65-70% protection |
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McEwen 45/20
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Inactivated, adjevanated rough strain
requires 2 doses 6-12 weeks apart |
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Treatment of B. abortus infection
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No treatment available, b/c intracellular parasite
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Transmission of B. canis
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Ingestion-#1
venereal-infected males shed intermittently |
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Diseases caused by B. canis
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Abortion in last trimester
lymphadenitis & splenitis infertility Sick/stillborn puppies Epididymitis testicular atrophy |
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Immunity against B. canis
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CMI protective
Humoral response greatest during bacteremia stage of infection |
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Diagnosis of B. canis infection
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signs
culture of blood, bone marrow or lymph nodes serologic tests |
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Serologic tests for confirming B. canis infection
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immunodiffusion-best
Card Agglutination mercaptoethanol complement fixation false positives possible, titers difficult to interpret |
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Vaccination against B. canis
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NONE available
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Treatment of B. canis
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Euthanasia of infected animals-best
neuter and long term antibiotic therapy (streptomycin, aminoglycosides, doxycycline) |
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Importance of B. melitensis
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a potential biowarfare agent
BSL3 agent No human vaccines available, & very low doses are infective |
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Species affected by B. melitensis
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Mainly sheep & goats
less common cattle pigs, dogs, humans |
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Transmission of B. melitensis
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Ingestion of contaminated food, water or milk
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Diseases caused by B. melitensis infection
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Late term abortion
lameness mastitis orchitis |
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Immunity against B. melitensis
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Protective immunity develops after vaccine or infection, will eventually clear infection
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Diagnosis of B. melitensis infection
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Signs
Direct culture Serologic tests |
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Vaccinations against B. melitensis
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Strain Rev 1
Strain 53H38 |
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Strain Rev 1
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a live avirulent strain that reduces abortions and reduces shedding of B. melitensis by infected animals
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Strain 53H38
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An inactivated strain
causes greater antibody response than strain Rev 1 |
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Transmission of B. suis
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Ingestion of contaminated feed/water
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Diseases caused by B. suis infection
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abortion
metritis spondylitis lameness paralysis |
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Immunity against B. suis
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CMI=most important short-lived, will get sick again if exposed after infection has been cleared, but abortions don't reoccur
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Diagnosis of B. suis infection
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signs
direct culture agglutination test-though not that effective |
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Vaccination against B. suis
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NO vaccines available
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Control of B. suis
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eradicate entire infected herd
B. suis free herds for replacement stock |
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Transmission of B. ovis
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probably venereal
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Diseases caused by B. ovis
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Epididymitis
Abortion |
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Immunity against B. ovis
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CMI most important
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Diagnosis of B. ovis
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Clinical signs
Culture of semen Serologic tests |
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Vaccination for B. ovis
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B. melitensis Rev 1 vaccine
"autogenous saline in oil adjuvant bacterins" |
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Zoonotic potential of Brucella
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B. melitensis greatest threat
B. suis>B. abortus>B. canis Highly infectious |
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Treatment of Brucella in humans
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Tetracyclines
Rifampicin Gentamycin used in combination therapies |
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Characteristics of Campylobacter
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Gram negative
curved rods motile Microaerophilic |
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Important species of Campylobacter
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C. fetus subspecies fetus
C. fetus subspecies venerealis C. jejuni |
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Transmission of C. fetus subspecies fetus
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Ingestion
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Species affected by C. fetus subspecies fetus
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Sheep
Cattle(rare) human (rare) |
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Diseases caused by C. fetus subspecies fetus infection
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Abortion
Placentitis Metritis |
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Sources of C. fetus subspecies fetus
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assymptomatic carriers
birds |
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Virulence of C. fetus subspecies fetus
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S-layer protien antigens=block antibody/complement binding
O antigens-LPS |
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Diagnosis of C. fetus subspecies fetus infection
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I&I
fluorescent antibody staining |
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Lesions caused by C. fetus subspecies fetus infection
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Placental edema
fetal hepatic necrosis bloody fetal body fluids |
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Immunity against C. fetus subspecies fetus
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IgA, IgG & IgM all protective
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Vaccination against C. fetus subspecies fetus
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Have serotype specific vaccines
Must include both S-layer protein antigens (1 & 5) |
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Characteristics of C. fetus subspecies venerealis
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Obligate parasite of bovine genital tract
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Transmission of C. fetus subspecies venerealis
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venereal
young bulls transient carriers old bulls permanent carriers |
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Pathogenesis of C. fetus subspecies venerealis
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Infection passed from bull
ascends female genital tract |
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Diseases caused by C. fetus subspecies venerealis infection
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"bovine genital campylobacteriosis"
endometritis soon after breeding decreased conception rate Abortion/neonatal death |
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Virulence of C. fetus subspecies venerealis
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S-layer-
block antibody & complement binding Can vary antigens as host adjusts |
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Immunity against C. fetus subspecies venerealis
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antibodies against O-antigen (LPS)
antibodies against S-layer, have to catch up with changing bacterial antigens |
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Prevention of C. fetus subspecies venerealis infection
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vaccination
Artificial insemination |
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Diagnosis of C. fetus subspecies venerealis infection
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I&I (in decreased O2)
Fluorescent antibody staining PCR/DNA probes |
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Characteristics of C. jejuni/C. coli
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normally present in intestinal tracts
Highly infectious |
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Diseases caused by C. jejuni/C. coli
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Enteritis
(mastitis, abortion) |
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Signs of C. jejuni/C. coli infection
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Bloody feces
fever abdominal pain |
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Diagnosis of C. jejuni/C. coli infection
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History & signs
I&I (@ high temp) PCR |
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Treatment of Campylobacter infection
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usually not treated=usually selflimiting
Supportive care Erythromycin, tetracyclines |
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Control of Campylobacter
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meticulous hygiene
Cull carriers |
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Importance of C. upsaliensis
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in dogs &cats
may be zoonotic Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) |
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Public health concerns of Campylobacter
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Highly infectious
zoonotic potential major cause of infectious food poisoning |
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Diseases caused by Helicobacter infection
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gastritis
enteritis ulcers Many dogs, cats, & people |
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Treatment of Helicobacter infection
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Bismuth sub salicylate (pepto) + metronidazole + tetracycline/amoxicillin
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Signs of Helicobacter infection
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Vomiting
diarrhea weight loss abdominal pain |
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Important species of Helicobacter
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H. hepaticus & H. bilis
only pathogenic species cause hepatitis |
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Characteristics of Arcobacter
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microaerophilic
motile slow growth in culture |
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Important species of Arcobacter
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A. cryaerophilus
A. butsleri A. skirrowii |
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Diseases caused by Arcobacter
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Enteritis
abortion mastitis |
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Identification of Arcobacter
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PCR
rDNA sequence Must differentiate from Campylobacter |
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Characteristics of Lawsonia intracellularis
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obligate intracellular parasite
only cultured in cell cultures |
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Diseases caused by Lawsonia intracellularis
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Proliferative intestinal enteropathy
affects young pigs |
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Signs of Lawsonia intracellularis infection
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Acute hemorrhagic entropathy & diarrhea
Chronic mild diarrhea=reduced growth |
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Diagnosis of Lawsonia intracellularis infection
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I&I-cell culture
Fluorescent antibody assay histopathy of intestines ELISA |
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Control of Lawsonia intracellularis
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Screen replacement animal
Vaccine-live attenuated Antibiotics in feed |
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Characteristics of Leptospira infection
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Gram negative spirochete
wound around axial filament strict aerobe |
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Taxonomic groups of Leptospira
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L. interrogans-pathogenic
L. biflexa-non-pathogenic |
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Sources of Leptospira
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Will survive in nephric tubules until excreted into environment
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Virulence of Leptospira
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no one knows
LPS Sphingomyelinase-hemolysin cytotoxins |
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Diseases caused by Leptospira
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Abortion
infertility agalactia hemoglobinuria hemorrhagic/chronic icterus/uremia in dogs |
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Signs of Leptospira infection
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fever
inappetence malaise headache |
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Pathogenesis of Leptospira
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enter through wound 1-10 cells infective
Enter tissues Begin replicating in liver-spread to lungs, brains & kidneys |
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Transmission of Leptospira
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Wound contamination
Transplacental milk Semen |
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Immunity against Leptospira
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Humoral Immunity important
LPS antibodies protective Serovar specific antibodies-protect against one, but not others with consequental infection |
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Control of Leptospira
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Multivalent bacterin vaccines-against locally prevalent serovars
bi-annually in pigs annually in cattle |
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Diagnosis of Leptospira infection
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Microscopic agglutination test (MAT)
Microtiter agglutination ELISA IHA Darkfield microscopy of urine I&I Fluorescent antibody staining |
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Treatment of Leptospira infection
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Penicillin G
Ampicillin Streptomycin Bacterin + antibiotics effective in outbreaks |
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Zoonotic potential of Leptospira
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Weil's Disease
often from swimming in contaminated waters |
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Weil's Disease
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Human Leptospira infection
Acutely febrile jaundice pulmonary distress nephritis death |
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Important genera of Spirochetales
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Treponema
Borrelia Brachyspira Leptospira |
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Characteristics of the Spirochetales
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Gram Negative (don't stain well)
Motile Divide by transverse fission Axial filament |
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Characteristics of Treponema
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Gram Negative
Motile Anaerobic |
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Important species of Treponema
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T. brennaborense
T. paraluis-cuniculi |
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Disease caused by T. brennaborense
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bovine papillomatous digital dermatitis
(Heel warts) in dairy cows |
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Lesions of T. brennaborense infection
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moist, painful, strawberry lesions on skin
chronic raised wart-like lesion resulting lameness |
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Control of T. brennaborense
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Bacterin vaccine given every 6 months
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Diagnosis of T. brennaborense
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Signs
histopathology |
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Treatment of T. brennaborense infection
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debridement
topical antibiotics (penicillin) |
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Diseases of T. paraluis-cuniculi
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rabbit syphilis
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Lesions of T. paraluis-cuniculi infection
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vesicles/scabs on prepuce, vagina, perianal region
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Diagnosis of T. paraluis-cuniculi infection
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Darkfield microscopy
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Treatment of T. paraluis-cuniculi infection
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Penicillin
May cause a transient endotoxemia-from lysed gram - cells |
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Characteristics of Borrelia
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Loosely coiled
microaerophilic slow growth Very motile |
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Important species of Borrelia
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B. burgdorferi
B. theileri B. anserina B. coriaceae B. vincenti |
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Disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection
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Lyme disease
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Characteristics of Borrelia burgdorferi
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aerobic
fastidious=difficult to culture low #'s to cause disease |
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Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi infection
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Ixodes ticks are vectors
rodents are reservoir host |
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Pathogenesis of Borrelia burgdorferi
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usually spring/fall
LPS causes inflammatory response interleukin-1 causes fever, rash |
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Virulence of Borrelia burgdorferi
|
LPS
IL-1 can phase shift surface antigens to avoid host response |
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Species affected by Borrelia burgdorferi
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Horses
Dogs Cattle Humans |
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Borrelia burgdorferi infection in horses
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Fever, arthritis, cranky, back pain
may be passed to foals in utero & via milk may be asymptomatic |
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Borrelia burgdorferi infection in dogs
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Fever, inappetence, lethargy, sudden transient lameness w/ joint pain
CNS infection May be asymptomatic |
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Borrelia burgdorferi infection in cattle
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In utero infections may pass to calf causing fetal death
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Progression of Borrelia burgdorferi infection
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days-weeks=rash around bite
weeks-months=becomes systemic -onset of clinical signs years=arthritis, neurologic |
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Immunity against Borrelia burgdorferi
|
humoral
antibodies & complement kill bacteria |
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Diagnosis of Borrelia burgdorferi infection
|
Signs & history
Direct staining of tissue/blood I&I PCR IFA ELISA |
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Treatment of Borrelia burgdorferi infection
|
tetracycline/amoxicillin for 10-14 days
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Control of Borrelia burgdorferi
|
prevent exposure to ticks
vaccination-subunit vaccines |
