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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE OF HAVING NO SKELETON:
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-CAN GROW AS LARGE AS YOU WANT
-NO PROTECTION OF ORGANS |
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WHAT IS AN ENDOSKELETON?
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: |
-HAVING AN INTERNAL SKELETON
-PROTECTION OF ORGANS -GROWS WITH YOUR BODY -NO EXTERNAL PROTECTION |
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WHAT IS AN EXOSKELETON?
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: |
-HAVING AN EXTERNAL SKELETON
-STRONG OUTER PROTECTION -NO PROTECTION INSIDE OF THE BODY |
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WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF BONES BEING MADE, AND HOW ARE THEY MADE?
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-OSSIFACATION
-IN THE WOMB, BONES ARE ONLY MADE FROM CARTILAGE. IN THE PROCESS, CARTILAGE CONVERTS TO BONE. MINERALS SUCH AS CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS REPLACE THE CARTILAGE WITH HARD CALCIFIED TISSUE. (STARTS FROM INSIDE OF BONE) |
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DESCRIBE A LONG BONE:
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CONSIST OF A LONG SHAFT CONTAINING BONE MARROW AND BLOOD VESSELS, AT EACH END THE HEAD IS COVERED IN CARTILAGE
-HOLLOW SO THEY ARE STRONGER AND LIGHTER |
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DRAW A LONG BONE..
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WHAT IS A SYNOVIAL JOINT, AND GIVE EXAMPLES..
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SYNOVIAL JOINT CONTAINS SYNOVIAL FLUID (REDUCES FRICTION, RESISTS EFFECTS OF WEAR AND TEAR), SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE, LIGAMENTS & CARTILAGE
-BALL & SOCKET, HINGE |
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WHAT IS A JOINT
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WHERE TWO BONES MEET
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WHAT IS A FIXED JOINT & EXAMPLE:
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A FIXED JOINT IS WHERE BONES ARE JOINED TOGETHER. AN EXAMPLE IS THE SKULL.
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HINGE AND BALL SOCKET JOINTS...
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-MOVEABLE
- HINGE JOINTS ARE RESTRICTED TO UP AND DOWN MOVEMENTS (E.G. ELBOW & KNEE) -BALL & SOCKET JOINTS HAVE WIDE RANGE OF MOVEMENT (E.G. HIPS & SHOULDERS) |
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BICEPS & TRICEPS
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-ANTAGANISTIC PAIR
-WHEN TRICEP RELAXES, BICEP CONTRACTS -WHEN BICEPS CONTRACT, TENDON ATTATCHED TO THE RADIUS DOES NOT STRETCH AND SO PULLS THE RADIUS (ARM) UP |
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A TENDON?
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-JOINS MUSCLE TO BONE
-UNFLEXIBLE |
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WHAT IS AN OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AND EXAMPLES?
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E.G. INSECTS
INSECT BLOOD DOESN'T CARRY OXYGEN. THE BLOOD DOESN'T TRAVEL AS BLOOD VESSELS BUT FLOWS SLOWLY ROUND THE BODY CAVITY |
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CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM..
HINT: MADE UP OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE CIRCUITS |
E.G. FISH, MAMMALS, HUMANS
FISHES BLOOD COLLECTS OXYGEN AT GILLS. BLOOD PICKS UP AND THEN GOES AROUND A SINGLE CIRCUIT FROM THE HEART |
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NO CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & EXAMPLE?
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E.G. BACTERIA, AMOEBA
NO HEART OR BLOOD, GAS EXCHANGE THROUGH DIFFUSION |
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DESCRIBE THE CARDIAC CYCLE
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THE BLOOD MOVES INTO THE HEART, THEN THE LEFT AND RIGHT ATRIA CONTRACT WHICH MAKES THE BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE BISCUSPID AND TRICUSPID VALVE. THE LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLES THEN CONTRACT AS THE BLOOD MOVES THROUGH THE SEMI LUNAR VALVES. BLOOD ENTERS THE PULMONARY ARTERY AND AORTA. BLOOD IS PUMPED OUT OF HEART AND AROUND BODY.
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DRAW AND LABEL THE HEART
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WHY IS A DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM BETTER?
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-MORE EFFICIENT, CAN OXYGENATE MORE BLOOD (2 POINTS IN WHICH CAN BE OXYGENATED)
-BLOOD PRESSURE CAN BE VARIED (E.G. TO LUNGS > LOW, TO HEART > HIGH) |
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HOW CAN THE HEART RATE BE INCREASED?
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-THE PRESENCE OF THE HORMONE ADRENALINE TO PREPARE BODY FOR 'FIGHT OR FLIGHT'
-MORE MUSCULAR ACTIVITY (CAUSES GREATER DEMAND FOR OXYGEN) |
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WHAT DOES AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG) AND ECHOCARDIOGRAM DO?
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ECG ---> SHOWS CHANGES IN ELECTRICAL IMPULSES IN HEART MUSCLE
ECHOCARDIOGRAM ---> DISPLAYS VIDEO OF HEART IN ACTION |
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WHAT IS THE SAN AND AVN AND WHAT DO THEY DO?
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-PACEMAKERS
-SINO-ATRIAL NODE & ATRIO-VENTRICULAR NODE GENERATE ELECTRICAL IMPULSES TO CO-ORDINATE HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTION |
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WHAT CAN IMPULSES FROM THE SAN AND AVN DO?
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-SAN: CAUSE ATRIA TO CONTRACT
-AVN: CAUSE VENTRICLES TO CONTRACT |
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WHAT DOES A HOLE IN THE HEART CAUSE?
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THE MIXING OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED BLOOD, RESULTING IN THE ARTERIAL BLOOD CARRYING LESS OXYGEN
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DESCRIBE AN UNBORN BABY'S CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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-LUNGS DO NOT FUNCTION UNTIL BIRTH!!
-BEFORE BIRTH, A HOLE EXISTS BETWEEN THE TWO SIDES OF THE HEART WHICH CLOSES AT BIRTH |
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ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKERS AND VALVES:
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-KEEP PATIENTS ALIVE & IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE
-NO PROBLEMS OF DONOR SHORTAGE & TISSUE MATCH ***SURGERY DOES CARRY A RISK AND A TRANSPLANT PATIENT MUST HAVE A LIFETIME OF IMMUNO-SUPPRESSANT DRUGS |
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WHAT IS AGGLUTINATION?
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-BLOOD CLUMPING
-TAKES PLACE WHEN DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS ARE INCOMPATIBLE -WHEN AGGLUTINS IN RED BLOOD CELLS AND BLOOD PLASMA REACT, THE TRANSFUSION ENDANGERS LIFE |
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PROCESS OF BLOOD CLOTTING:
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WHEN BLOOD PLATELETS ARE EXPOSED TO AIR AT THE WOUND SITE, IT TRIGGERS A COMPLEX SEQUENCE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF MESHWORK OF FIBRIN FIBRES (CLOT)
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WHAT IS HAEMOPHILIA?
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AN INHERITED CONDITION WHERE THE BLOOD DOES NOT CLOT
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