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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antigens |
Chemical signals found on the surfaces of MO's WBC's see these as foreign and create antibodies |
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Anti-Bodies |
Antibodies are WBC's response to antigens Their shape is complementary to the antigen it is hunting |
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Vaccination /Immunisation |
How it works: 1. Weakened/dead form of pathogen injected 2. WBC's create antibodies for the particular disease 3. Some WBC's clumps the pathogens together, then others engulf it 4. Some WBC's become memory cells 5. If the disease is detected again, the memory cells can make antibodies quicker 6. The pathogens are destroyed Note: Vaccination is ineffective unless a large population is vaccinated - 95% is the target - this is called the optimum proportion, and it becomes "herd/community immunity" Why do some people not get vaccinated? Medical issues, not living in an area where vaccines were provided (they had migrated) or they chose not to be vaccinated (due to religion, risks/side effects etc.) |
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Painkillers |
Drugs which relieve pain They don't kill the pathogen, just reduce the symptoms by blocking nerve impulses |
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Antibiotics |
Drugs which kill (or prevent the growth of) the bacteria without killing your own cells BUT they don't kill viruses |
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Medicine |
Synthesised by chemists, but the starting point may be from a chemical extracted from a plant. A good medicine is defined as being: Effective, safe and stable. It also must be able to be taken into and removed from the body - reach the target then be cleared from the system |
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Phases of Medical testing |
Phase I: A group of healthy volunteers are given the drug in a low dose, this tests how toxic it is Phase II: Phase III: Volunteers are split into two groups, one group receiving the drug, the others receiving a placebo. This allows doctors to know whether it is the drug actually causing the effect |
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The three trials within medical testing |
The double-blind trial: Neither the doctor or patient knows if they are receiving the actual drug or a placebo The blind trial: The patient doesn't know if they are receiving the actual drug, but the doctor does The open-labeled trials: Both the patient and the doctor knows who is receiving the drug |
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Monoclonal antibodies |
Laboratory manufacture: 1. specific antigen is injected into rodent - antibodies are produced by the animals lymphocytes (WBC's), then removed from the animal 2. tumour cells are fused with animal lymphocytes 3. creates a hybrid cell - hybridoma cell - divides and multiply and make specific antibodies |
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Uses of monoclonal antibodies |
- Measuring and monitoring - Research - Pregnancy tests - Treating Disease - Diagnosis of disease |
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Monoclonal antibodies - Blocking Surface Receptors |
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Monoclonal antibodies - Direct use to trigger immune system |
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Monoclonal antibodies - Carry Drugs & Chemicals |
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