Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is a partially permeable membrane |
A membrane with very smoll holes in it. |
|
|
How does water move and how does this affect osmosis |
It moves randomly, so passes both ways through the membrane |
|
|
Osmosis is a type of... |
Diffusion |
|
|
Osmosis is a... Movement |
Passive |
|
|
Give 2 examples of where active transport takes place |
In the intestine I'm plant roots |
|
|
Give 3 ways villi are adapted to be an exchange surface |
Large surface area so more food molecules can diffuse into the bloodstream Good blood supply, steep concentrate gradient so substances are quickly moved into bloodstream Thin surface, so quicker diffusion |
|
|
Lungs contain tiny air sacks called |
Alveoli |
|
|
Give 3 adaptations of alveoli |
Large surface area Good blood supply Thin surface |
|
|
Name the 3 main parts of the breathing system |
Thorax Diaphragm Abdomen |
|
|
What are the muscles in between the robs called |
Intercostal muscles |
|
|
State the 4 stages of inhalation |
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract Increasing volume of thorax Pressure decreases Air is drawn in. |
|
|
Exhalation |
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax Decreases volume of thorax Pressure increases Air is pushed out. |
|
|
2 reasons why we breath |
Keeps concentration gradient as high as possible Removes co2 from blood |
|
|
Name 4 components of blood |
Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells, fewer than red Platelets |
|
|
What are Platelets |
Tiny fragments of cells |
|
|
What does blood plasma do |
Transports soluble digestion products, co2, urea |
|
|
Plasma transports digestion products between |
Smoll intestine to other organs |
|
|
Plasma transports co2 between |
Organs to lungs |
|
|
Plasma transports urea between |
From liver to the kidneys to be excreted as urine |
|
|
What part of the rbc carries oxygen |
Haemoglobin |
|
|
How do rbc carry oxygen |
Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin |
|
|
Rbc have no... Why |
No nucleus to maximise space to carry oxygen |
|
|
Platelets have no |
Nucleus |
|
|
Function of platelets |
Help blood to clot at site of a wound |
|
|
What brings in deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart |
The vena cava |
|
|
Blood passes from heart to lungs in the |
Pulmonary artery |
|
|
Oxygenated blood passes from the lungs to heart in the |
pulmonary vein |
|
|
Oxygenated blood is pumped from heart to body in the |
Aorta |
|
|
Where in a leaf does co2 diffuse into |
Spaces within leaf, between cells |
|
|
What surface of a leaf is the exchange surface |
The underneath |
|
|
What is the underside of a leaf covered in |
Stomata |
|
|
What are stomata |
Tiny holes |
|
|
What is the function of stomata |
To let gasses in and out |
|
|
The size of the stomata are controlled by |
Guard cells |
|
|
The stomata close if |
The plant is losing water faster than it is being replaced by the roots |
|
|
What do guard cells prevent |
A plant from wilting |
|
|
Name 3 conditions evaporation is quickest in |
Hot Dry Windy |
|
|
Describe the 2 stages of water leaving a leaf |
Water evaporates from the cells inside leaf Escapes by diffusion because there is more inside leaf than outside |
|
|
The lungs are in the |
Thorax |
|
|
What is the thorax |
The top part of your body |
|
|
What separates the thorax from the... |
Diaphragm separates thorax from abdomen |
|
|
Name 4 parts of the lungs |
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli |
|
|
Name 4 other parts of the breathing system not in lungs |
Intercostal muscles Ribs Heart Diaphragm |
|
|
Define ventilation |
The movement of air into and out of the lungs |
|
|
Ventilators are machines that |
Move air into or of of the lungs |
|
|
What used to be the machine used as a ventilator |
The iron lung |
|
|
State the 4 stages of inhalation using iron lung |
Air pumped out of case Pressure dropped Lungs expanded Air drawn into lungs |
|
|
Give 1 disadvantage of the iron lung |
Could interfere with blood flow to lower body |
|
|
Modern ventilators work by |
Pumping air into lungs |
|
|
State 4 stages of inhalation using modern ventilators |
Air pumped into lungs This expands the ribcage Stops pumping, and ribcage relaxes Pushing air back out |
|
|
State 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using modern ventilators |
Doesn't interfere with blood flow But can sometimes cause damage, burst alveoli, if lungs can't cope with the artificial air flow |
|
|
What part of a plant absorbs most of the water and mineral ions |
Root hair cells |
|
|
How are root hair cells adapted |
Have a large surface area |
|
|
Where does the energy needed for active transport come from |
Respiration |
|
|
What does the phloem tube transport |
Food |
|
|
What do xylem tubes transport |
Water |
|
|
What are xylem and phloem tubes made from |
Xylem dead cells Phloem living cells |
|
|
Which tube has holes in the ends to allow stuff to flow through |
Phloem |
|
|
What else does the xylem tube carry, and where to |
Minerals from roots to stem and leaves in the transpiration sysyem |
|
|
Food in a plant is transported from... To... |
Leaves where it is made, by photosynthesis Growing regions, new shoots, and storage organs, root tubers |
|
|
Which direction is the transport of substances in xylem and phloem tubes |
Xylem up Phloem both directions |
|
|
What is transpiration |
The loss of water from the plant |
|
|
What is transpiration caused by |
The evaporation and diffusion of water from inside leaves |
|
|
State 4 stages of transpiration stream |
Evaporation and diffusion Create a shortage of water in leaves More water drawn up from roots to replace lost water Creates a contact transpiration stream |
|
|
What does transpiration happen |
Stomata need to open to allow the exchange of gasses, so water is lost too as there is more eater inside the plant than out |
|
|
What is the main function of the circulatory system |
To get food and oxygen to every cell in the body |
|
|
What 3 feature make arteries good at what they do |
They have a thick wall Muscle Elastic fibres |
|
|
What do stents do |
Keep arteries open |
|
|
What is a stent |
A small mesh tube |
|
|
When are stents mostly used |
When there is a blockage in the coronary artery |
|
|
What does the coronary artery do and what happens if it is blocked |
Supplies heart with blood Can be starved of oxygen |
|
|
Veins are adapted to carry... Blood |
Low pressure blood |
|
|
What 2 features of veins make them ideal |
Thin walls Valves |
|
|
Where does most the photosynthesis in plants occur |
In the palisade cells, bc they are full of chloroplasts |
|
|
Name the 4 levels of a leaf |
Epidermal cells Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Stomata epidermal |
|
|
Job of epidermal cells |
To protect leaf |
|
|
Function of Spongy mesophyll |
Allow diffusion of gases in the leaf |
|
|
Function of stomata |
Allow gasses to diffuse in and out of leaf |
|
|
State the 3 stages of filtration in the kidneys |
Blood passes through capillaries where blood, urea, ions, glucose, water, are filtered out and go into urea tube All glucose, some ions, some water is reabsorbed back into blood Urea, excess ions and water are released as urine |
|
|
Where and what is urea produced from |
In the liver by the breakdown of amino acids from protein |
|
|
In kidney dialysis what separated the fluid from the blood |
A partially permeable membrane |
|
|
What does the membrane in dialysis allow, and not allow through |
Allows smoll molecules water and urea through, but not blood or proteins |
|
|
What does dialysis fluid contain, and not contain |
Useful substances, glucose in same concentration as in blood No urea |
|
|
What are antigens |
Molecules covering cells that a person's immune system sees as foreign |
|
|
How might a donor organ be rejected |
Antigens of organ are attacked by patients antibodies |
|
|
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the two kidney options |
Shortage of donors Dialysis requires frequent and long treatments, transplant means normal life Dialysis is expensive throughout, transplant only expensive initially No immunosuppressive drugs needed for dialysis users |
|
|
What monitors the body's internal temperature |
Thermoregulatory centre |
|
|
How do the skins temperature sensors communicate with the thermo centre |
With electrical impulses |
|
|
State the two ways the body cools itself down |
Skin gets red Sweating |
|
|
Describe what happens in flushing |
Blood vessels dilate, allowing more blood flows through, closer to surface of skin, so more heat is lost via radiation |
|
|
How does the body respond to being too cold |
Shivering Constricting of blood vessels |
|
|
Describe what happens in shivering |
Muscles contract To generate energy to contract they must increase rate of respiration This releases heat |
|
|
Where does most of our glucose come from |
The digestion of starch |
|
|
What happens when there is too much glucose |
It is stored as glycogen in the liver |
|
|
Describe the 4 stages of controlling glucose |
After a meal glucose levels rise Pancreas detects change and releases insulin Insulin is detected by liver which converts glucose into glycogen Blood sugar levels return to normal |
|
|
In type 1 diabetes, the Pancreas |
Does not produce enough insulin |
|
|
What is the function of capillaries |
To exchange materials at tissues |
|
|
Do white blood cells have a nucleus |
Yarp |
|
|
What is the thermo centre sensitive to |
The temperature of the blood flowing through the brain |
|
|
Urea is produced as |
A waste product of cenverting proteins into fats and carbohydrates for storage by the liver |
