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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why liver and muscle cells need large amounts of mitochondria? |
So they can carry out their functions such as respiration |
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Describe the shape of a DNA molecule |
Made of two strands(double helix) Each strand contains bases A-T C-G (Pairs) |
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Symbol equation of aerobic respiration |
C H O + 6O -----> 6CO + 6H O 6 12 6 2 2 2 |
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Why does anaerobic respiration occur during exercise? |
The muscles to not receive sufficient oxygen |
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Process of meiosis |
- chromosomes pair up - one from each pair moved to each pole - the strands of each chromosome are pulled apart to opposite poles - four NEW haploid cells form all genetically different from each other |
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Process of mitosis... |
- two strands unzip to form single strands in the DNA molecule - new double strands form by DNA bases lining up in complementary pairings. |
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How are red blood cells adapted to their function? |
- they are small so they can pass through the small blood vessels - shaped as biconcave discs so they have a large surface area to exchange oxygen quicker - contain haemoglobin to combine with oxygen - no nucleus so more haemoglobin can fit it |
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What is the function of stem cells? |
To develop into different types of cells which can be used to treat some medical conditions ( from embryos ) |
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Risks of genetic engineering |
The inserted genes may have unexpected harmful side effects
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Give an advantage of genetic engineering |
Organisms with desired features can be produced very quickly |
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How are red blood cells adapted to their function? |
- they are small so they can pass through the small blood vessels - shaped as biconcave discs so they have a large surface area to exchange oxygen quicker - contain haemoglobin to combine with oxygen - no nucleus so more haemoglobin can fit it |
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What is the function of stem cells? |
To develop into different types of cells which can be used to treat some medical conditions ( from embryos ) |
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Risks of genetic engineering |
The inserted genes may have unexpected harmful side effects
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Give an advantage of genetic engineering |
Organisms with desired features can be produced very quickly |
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Why might selective breeding lead to interbreeding? |
By two closely related individuals mating which may lead to health problems |
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How are red blood cells adapted to their function? |
- they are small so they can pass through the small blood vessels - shaped as biconcave discs so they have a large surface area to exchange oxygen quicker - contain haemoglobin to combine with oxygen - no nucleus so more haemoglobin can fit it |
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What is the function of stem cells? |
To develop into different types of cells which can be used to treat some medical conditions ( from embryos ) |
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Risks of genetic engineering |
The inserted genes may have unexpected harmful side effects
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Give an advantage of genetic engineering |
Organisms with desired features can be produced very quickly |
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Why might selective breeding lead to interbreeding? |
By two closely related individuals mating which may lead to health problems |
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Give some uses of cloning |
- mass-produce animals with desirable features - produce animals that have been genetically engineered to provide human products - produce human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy |
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How are red blood cells adapted to their function? |
- they are small so they can pass through the small blood vessels - shaped as biconcave discs so they have a large surface area to exchange oxygen quicker - contain haemoglobin to combine with oxygen - no nucleus so more haemoglobin can fit it |
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What is the function of stem cells? |
To develop into different types of cells which can be used to treat some medical conditions ( from embryos ) |
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|
Risks of genetic engineering |
The inserted genes may have unexpected harmful side effects
|
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Give an advantage of genetic engineering |
Organisms with desired features can be produced very quickly |
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Why might selective breeding lead to interbreeding? |
By two closely related individuals mating which may lead to health problems |
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Give some uses of cloning |
- mass-produce animals with desirable features - produce animals that have been genetically engineered to provide human products - produce human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy |
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Position and function of the ribosome ?? |
Found in the cytoplasm and produces proteins |
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How do bases in DNA code for proteins ? |
A-T C-G Three base sequences code for one amino acid DNA sent to ribosome from mitochondria by mRNA |
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The function of ATP |
Energy from respiration gets trapped in ATP Can be used to provide the energy for different processes in living organisms |
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What is meant by oxygen debt ? |
It is the incomplete breakdown of glucose resulting in a build up of lactic acid |
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How does haemoglobin transport oxygen? |
Haemoglobin in red blood cells reacts with the oxygen in the lungs forming oxyhaemoglobin The reaction is reversible: when the oxyhaemoglobin reaches the tissue, the oxygen is released |
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How does haemoglobin transport oxygen? |
Haemoglobin in red blood cells reacts with the oxygen in the lungs forming oxyhaemoglobin The reaction is reversible: when the oxyhaemoglobin reaches the tissue, the oxygen is released |
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How are arteries adapted ? |
- Thick muscular and elastic wall to resist high pressure |
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How does haemoglobin transport oxygen? |
Haemoglobin in red blood cells reacts with the oxygen in the lungs forming oxyhaemoglobin The reaction is reversible: when the oxyhaemoglobin reaches the tissue, the oxygen is released |
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How are arteries adapted ? |
- Thick muscular and elastic wall to resist high pressure |
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How are veins adapted ? |
- Large lumen and valves to try and keep the blood moving back to the heart because the pressure is low |
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How does haemoglobin transport oxygen? |
Haemoglobin in red blood cells reacts with the oxygen in the lungs forming oxyhaemoglobin The reaction is reversible: when the oxyhaemoglobin reaches the tissue, the oxygen is released |
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How are arteries adapted ? |
- Thick muscular and elastic wall to resist high pressure |
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How are veins adapted ? |
- Large lumen and valves to try and keep the blood moving back to the heart because the pressure is low |
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How are capillaries adapted ? |
- Have permeable walls so substances can be transferred between the blood and the tissues |
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How does haemoglobin transport oxygen? |
Haemoglobin in red blood cells reacts with the oxygen in the lungs forming oxyhaemoglobin The reaction is reversible: when the oxyhaemoglobin reaches the tissue, the oxygen is released |
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How are arteries adapted ? |
- Thick muscular and elastic wall to resist high pressure |
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How are veins adapted ? |
- Large lumen and valves to try and keep the blood moving back to the heart because the pressure is low |
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How are capillaries adapted ? |
- Have permeable walls so substances can be transferred between the blood and the tissues |
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Difference between adult and embryonic cells |
Embryonic stem cells can form a greater range of cell types and easier to fine |
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How does haemoglobin transport oxygen? |
Haemoglobin in red blood cells reacts with the oxygen in the lungs forming oxyhaemoglobin The reaction is reversible: when the oxyhaemoglobin reaches the tissue, the oxygen is released |
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How are arteries adapted ? |
- Thick muscular and elastic wall to resist high pressure |
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How are veins adapted ? |
- Large lumen and valves to try and keep the blood moving back to the heart because the pressure is low |
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How are capillaries adapted ? |
- Have permeable walls so substances can be transferred between the blood and the tissues |
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Difference between adult and embryonic cells |
Embryonic stem cells can form a greater range of cell types and easier to fine |
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Why is cloning plants easier than cloning animals ? |
Because many plant cells retain the ability to differentiate. Animal cells usually lose the ability at an early stage |
